Comparison of Harry Potter and Jane Eyre - 905 Words

Harry Potter and Jane Eyre are two novel characters who have quite a lot of similarities. In their early childhood, both were raised as orphans, both experienced cruelty and unkind treatment from relatives who were supposed to take care of them, both were given opportunity to study and live far away from the people who treated them harshly, and both of them had a life-changing experience in their respective schools. Both Harry Potter and Jane Eyre grew up and lived with their relatives. Harry Potter lived with the Dursleys while Jane lived with the Reeds. Reading their story and how they had to live every single day of their lives with such cruel, unkind and selfish relatives†¦show more content†¦The life of Harry Potter changed when he was finally introduced to his true identity, a wizard, and had to attend school at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. As for Jane, she eventually had the chance to be away from the Reeds and study at Lowood Institution, a school for orphaned girls. School was both tough and pleasant for Harry and Jane. Both had instant friends and instant enemies. Attending school is perhaps a taste of normalcy in their lives, except that their past still haunted and defined their characters. Harry was known at school as â€Å"the boy who lived† having survived the attack of a notorious wizard (Rowling 18); while Jane had to carry with her the rude description that her aunt made of her which is â€Å"deceitful† which resulted in her being labeled as â€Å"liar.† As a result, both Harry and Jane had to face the difficulty of trying to fit in and at times, had to bear the bitter consequences. Hard as it may seem, Harry and Jane managed to get through the most difficult phases at school and eventually found solace and comfort in the company of their true friends. Harry Potter discovers true friendships at Hogwarts through Ron Weasly and Hermione Granger. They protect and defend each other oftentimes with the help of Hagrid, a staff member at Hogwarts who had grown fond of them and protects Harry in so many ways. Jane Eyre, on the other hand,Show MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesAgathon, by Christoph Martin Wieland (1767)—often considered the first true Bildungsroman[9] Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1795–96) 19th century[edit] Emma, by Jane Austen (1815) The Red and The Black, by Stendhal (1830) The Captain s Daughter, by Alexander Pushkin (1836) Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « (1847)[21] Pendennis, by William Makepeace Thackeray (1848–1850) David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens (1850) Green Henry, by Gottfried Keller (1855)[22] Great Expectations

Journal Articles Summary Group Psychotherapy - 1118 Words

Running Head: JOURNAL ARTICLES SUMMARY Journal Articles Summary: Group Psychotherapy Self-disclosure in Psychotherapy Supervisors: Gender Differences This journal article discusses the issue of self-disclosure in psychotherapy, which is greatly affected by the gender differences. The relationship between the supervisors and the trainees is very much dependent upon the relation of the two. Sometimes they become so familiar with each other that they get involve in sexual relationships, which is unethical and creates the bad impression of supervisors. The article suggested a way of creating understanding between trainee and supervisor by self-disclosure as the trainees who self-disclose themselves feel more connected to the supervisors. However, an issue highlighted related with self-disclosure was of gender, which according to the authors influence the supervisory process. The authors performed two studies; one for studying the role of self-disclosure and other for differences of gender. The results showed that the trainees and supervisors of the medical profession hav e different opinions regarding the gender role behaviors and differential socialization patterns about appropriate self-disclosure in psychotherapy supervision. Psychotherapy Supervision in the 1990s: Some Observations and Reflections In this article, the author Edward Watkins discusses ten ideas or conclusions about the psychotherapy supervision. These ten points highlight the several psychotherapyShow MoreRelatedUsing Short Term Group Psychotherapy As An Evidence Based Intervention For First Time Mothers At Risk For Postpartum Depression1375 Words   |  6 PagesBased Practice Project Nursing 2050 – Spring 2016 - Lisa S. Gebler Article Title: Using Short-Term Group Psychotherapy as an Evidence-Based Intervention for First-Time Mothers at Risk for Postpartum Depression Authors: Richard A. Pessagno, DNP, RN, APN-C, CGP, and Diane Hunker, PhD, MBA, RN As Published in: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care ISSN 0031-5990, a journal for advanced psychiatric nursing. The problem this article looks at is postpartum depression, specifically with first-time mothersRead More A Perception and Motivation Study Among Married Adults Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Article Critique: Forgiveness: A perception and motivation study among married adults Abstract The article is endeavors to observe the possible correlation between general forgiveness (actually forgiving) and perceptions of forgiveness (a belief in the concept). This is a summary analyzing the credibility of the article. The summary includes a brief overview and critique of the title, abstract, literature review, methodology, a review of results and discussion, andRead MoreCounseling Research1570 Words   |  7 Pagesenabled use before counseling a client, during and after. Counselors move around research to see what colleagues have found and what interventions they have used for the well being of the client. Research helps expand the horizons about how specific groups act or react to specific interventions and help hypothesize why it is so. Research advances the counseling profession because it provides reinforcements towards interventions and counseling. It also contributes to personal growth and knowledge forRead MorePsychotherapy: Three Principles of the Analysis of Transference1351 Words   |  6 Pageseffective implement in psychotherapy. With the research and opinions of therapist and journalist ranging from Ryan Howes Ph.D., Mark Dombeck Ph.D., Dr. Henriette T. Glatzer and Dr. Angela Molnos, there will be in depth definitions, explanations and reasoning as to why and how transference works. There are numerous examples of transference reactions and how it takes place in group psychotherapy. Being recognized as a universal mental mechanism transference can easily emerge in group treatment. There areRead MoreTheory Of Group Counseling Paper1438 Words   |  6 Pages Theory of Group Counseling Paper Alex Dossett CHRD 766; Group Counseling South Dakota State University Describe how your experience of the leading, participating in, or observing groups have informed or influenced you regarding your own group leadership skills, leadership style, and perception about groups; Describe your perspectives about the functions of a therapeutic group in assisting client changes; Discuss the elements or factors contributing to the development of the group, and changesRead MoreThe Effects Of Mdma And Its Effects On The World1213 Words   |  5 Pages The drug usually comes in tablets, capsules, powder, or pills. MDMA was first synthesized in the 1890s, and later patented by Merck Pharmaceuticals on December 24, 1912, but it was not until the mid-1970s that articles related to its psychoactivity began to show up in scholarly journals (Erowid MDMA Vault). As with all other drugs in the United States, there was a time when MDMA was legal and widely available. A drug becomes illegal when it gains significant popularity, although for bad reasonsRead MoreScholarly vs. Popular Media Focus on Sexuality: A Comparative Analysis of Two Articles1220 Words   |  5 PagesScholarly vs. popular media focus on sexuality (Step 1): The scholarly article, The politics of masculinity and the ex-gay movement focused on the efficacy of sexual conversion therapy and the cultural forces that surround it (Robinson, Spivey, 2007). Sexual conversion therapy involves a patient who attempts to change their sexual orientation through psychotherapy. Most commonly, conversion therapy involves a homosexual male who attempts to convert to heterosexuality. The authors hypothesizedRead MoreThe Effects Of Solution Focused Versus Problem Focused On Pre Treatment Change944 Words   |  4 PagesSummary of Journal â€Å"Effects of Solution-Focused Versus Problem-Focused Intake Questions on Pre-Treatment Change† (Richmond, Jordan, Bischof, Sauer, 2014) explores the measurable differences between utilizing a solution-focused intake questionnaire and the more common medical model-based diagnostic intake questionnaire used in most psychotherapeutic settings. The article covers two distinct studies of this comparison and proposes the idea that utilizing the ideals of solution-focused therapy duringRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Weight And Disordered Eating1203 Words   |  5 Pageseating. This one time isolated syndrome of â€Å"eating disorders† is now emerging as a place of importance in our society. Rhetorical Purpose: 2 â€Å"One reason it is so important to understand how the rhetoric of popular media coverage of anorexia articles maintains women s marginalization is that The American Anorexia and Bulimia Association [AABA] (2001) estimates that five million U.S. women suffer from some form of eating disorder, 15 percent of Americans have eating disordered attitudes, andRead MoreThe Psychological and Social Consequences of War and Disasters on the Civilian Military Population704 Words   |  3 Pagesand prevalence of mental disorders. Women are more affected than men. Other vulnerable groups are children, the elderly, and the disabled. Prevalence rates are associated with the degree of trauma, and the availability of physical and emotional support. The use of cultural and religious coping strategies is frequent in developing countries. (p.1) II. Treatment It was reported in the Psychiatric News Journal September 2012 that a recent Institute of Medicine committee released an initial assessment

Economic and Environemntal Sustenance for Growth- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomic and Environemntal Sustenance for Growth. Answer: Panayotou, T. (2016). Economic growth and the environment. The environment in anthropology, 140-148. Annotated bibliography In this research the researcher seeks to explore the relationship between the environmental and ecological balance in the society with respect to the different human actions affecting the development of the human in the society. The various factors affecting the economy of the country and the environmental factors affecting the development of the different societies. The environment is facing the wrath of the economical developmental efforts in the society. The different aspects of the economic development take into account the different aspects about the factors affecting the environment. The environmental construct is the resultant of the different sectors relating to the various aspects of the emissions and the various environmental impacts that are the result of the usage of the different industrialization process in the organizations. The economic resiliency of the ecosystem is gradually decreasing because of the different aspects relating to the situations faced by the environm ent due to rapid industrialization in the society. The gradual increase in the overall development of the different situations in the different countries due to the increasing poisonous gas levels and the situations that present themselves in the form of the ecological issues are presented in the study. The sustainable development should be achieved using the different aspects relating to the different frameworks relating to the situations faced by the environment about the different environmental factors. Link with essay The sustainable development of the society is based on the environmental awareness among the society regarding the various effects of the industrialization among the children. The different aspects relating to the improving the environmental conditions in the society is often related to the different situations relating to the various issues that are present in the society. As seen in the study 1 the different sustainably related issues faced by the society often leads to different problems of the environment. Elkington, J. (2013). Enter the triple bottom line. In The triple bottom line (pp. 23-38). Routledge. Annotated bibliography The triple bottom line is the term coined by Elkington taking in to focus the different aspects relating to the different situational scenarios faced by the society in the field of the situational systems faced by the organization. The triple bottom line takes into account the social economic and the environmentalsustainability of the different societies in the environment. The environmental factors that are affluent in the different markets and the societies. The various aspects relating to the different situations which affect the environmental the environmental factors are the resultant of the different situations that present themselves in the society relating to the different developmental issues in the society is often related to the situations that may present themselves due to the overuse of the resources for the economic benefits in the society. The gradual increase of the pressure on the environment is the result of the social responsibility of the industrialization which i s affecting the society and is therefore not sustainable for the societys growth. The different aspects relating to the different situations that may present themselves environmentally should be made aware to the children so that they may learn the importance of the sustainable environment for the sustainable future in the society. Link with essay The teaching about the different aspects of sustainability from an early age will make the children more aware of the importance of the environmental sustainability for the development and the sustenance of the mankind on the planet. The overuse of the natural resources for the human benefit should be done so that the different societies of the world may develop sustainably so that the different societies may survive in the long term. One of the major issues that the different children in the societies must be informed by the education system about the adversities they might face in case they do not develop themselves according to the needs of the society and environment. Sen, A. (2013). The ends and means of sustainability. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 14(1), 6-20. Annotated bibliography The research points out the importance of the sustainable development of the society for the survival of the society one of the major issues that present themselves in the sustainable development of the society is the preference of the economic development over the environmental sustenance in the society. One of the major issues that has risen because of the mismanagement of resource use in the society is the rise of the disparity in the poverty in the country. The other major issues that present themselves in the overall development of the society can in most cases be linked with the various aspects related to the various situational aspects in the society. The majority of the environmental problems are the resultant of the rabid industrialization of the society. There is an ever-increasing economic divide which affects the overall situations that may not have posed themselves in the case of adoption of a better sustainable development in the society. One of the major barriers to th e overall acceptance of the sustainable development in the society is the ever increasing economic divide and the equal chance to education and development should be given to everyone in the society for a sustainable development. Link with essay The educating or the children about the different aspects relating to the teaching of the environmental sustainability should be done in purview of the importance of the economic and the cognitive development of the society for the sustenance of the environment. The environmentallyis directly affected by the different aspects of the society relating to the different situations that might present themselves in the developing society.The environmental sustainability and the relative knowledge in the society is therefore directly dependent on educational awareness. Reference list: Elkington, J. (2013). Enter the triple bottom line. In The triple bottom line (pp. 23-38). Routledge. Panayotou, T. (2016). Economic growth and the environment.The environment in anthropology, 140-148. Sen, A. (2013). The ends and means of sustainability. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 14(1), 6-20.

Julius Caesar Report Research Paper Example

Julius Caesar Report Paper The exact date of the publication of Julius Caesar is not absolutely certain. However, most critics agree that the play was written sometime between 1598 and 1608 during, or just after, the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Julius Caesar is the first of Shakespeares three Roman Plays, the other two being Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus. As with his other Roman Plays, Julius Caesar is based on Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans from a translation by Sir Thomas North in 1579 from an earlier French version. The two texts have only minor differences the majority of the plot is taken from Plutarch and most of the speeches, most significantly excepting Antonys famous oration, are Norths words in verse. The play is also greatly influenced by the Elizabethan attitudes prevalent at the time for example, superstition. Several anachronisms are used in the Play for instance, he plucked me ope his doublet. Elizabethans wore doublets; Romans wore togas fastened at the shoulder. We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The character of Julius Caesar particularly fascinated the Elizabethans. He was a soldier, scholar and politician and he was the first Roman to realise the benefits of a monarchical empire like England was at the time of Elizabeth I over a democratic state. To add to the intrigue surrounding him, he had also been killed by one of his closest friends. In the 6th century B.C.E, Lucius Junius Brutus, an ancestor of Marcus Brutus, led the citizens of Rome in rebellion against Tarquin the Proud, ruler of Rome at the time. Tarquin had reigned as a cruel tyrant, loathed by everyone. He was deposed by the Romans, and in 509 B.C.E, Rome was declared a republic. Brutus was glorified for his honourable actions, and since then, most Romans feared the title rex king. Five hundred years later, early in the first century B.C.E, Gaius Julius Caesar was born to an impoverished patrician family. Despite the fact that his family was not a prominent one, he had many influential relatives who helped him in his rise to supremacy. Later on in that century, Caesar allied with Pompey and Crassus to form the First Triumvirate, an important part of Roman history. The Roman Empire, which comprised of the majority of the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, was shared out equally between them. However, when Crassus died in battle against the Parthians in 53 B.C.E; there was conflict between Caesar and Pompey since neither of the two wanted to share their power. Consequently, civil war broke out in Rome. Marcus Brutus and Caius Cassius were among those who fought with Pompey against Caesar; but when Caesar defeated Pompey, and later on Pompeys two sons, he pardoned Brutus and befriended him, and allowed Cassius to return to Rome at Brutuss request. After his victory, Caesar continued to climb in politics, religion and in the military. Although formerly two consuls had been elected as prime authority in Rome, Caesar alone ruled now, and as the majority of the Senate were his supporters, any decree he made would be carried out. Caesar was king of Rome in effect, if not in title. Several fiercely democratic families realised this and feared a replay of Tarquins tyrannical reign. Determined that Rome should remain a republic, a conspiracy of over 60 senatorial families was formed by Brutus and Cassius with the aim of murdering Caesar. To an extent, the plot succeeded. Caesar was assassinated on the 15th of March in the Capitol. However, far from being regarded as the heroes of Rome, as Lucius Junius Brutus and his followers had been five hundred years back, the conspirators were forced to flee Rome by Antony, Caesars close friend, and Octavius, his great-nephew and heir. Once again, civil war broke out in Rome, resulting in the deaths of Brutus and Cassius and most of their army. Antony and Octavius returned to Rome victorious and formed the Second Triumvirate with Lepidus, a general of Caesars army. Eventually, Antony and Lepidus withdrew from the triumvirate and Octavius alone was left to rule the great Roman Empire. He adopted his great-uncles name Caesar along with the name Augustus. He was now known as Augustus Caesar, and to this name he also added the title of Princeps the chief one. From then on, Rome officially ceased to be a republic.

History of Women Inventors Who Filed Patents

History of Women Inventors Who Filed Patents Before the 1970s, the topic of women in history was largely missing from general public consciousness. To address this situation, the Education Task Force on the Status of Women initiated a Womens History Week celebration in 1978 and chose the week of March 8 to coincide with International Womens Day. In 1987, the National Womens History Project petitioned Congress to expand the celebration to the entire month of March. Since then, the National Womens History Month Resolution has been approved every year with bipartisan support in both the House and Senate. The First Woman to File an American Patent In 1809, Mary Dixon Kies received the first U. S. patent issued to a woman. Kies, a Connecticut native, invented a process for weaving straw with silk or thread. First Lady Dolley Madison praised her for boosting the nations hat industry. Unfortunately, the patent file was destroyed in the great Patent Office fire in 1836. Until about 1840, only 20 other patents were issued to women. The inventions related to apparel, tools, cook stoves, and fireplaces. Naval Inventions In 1845, Sarah Mather received a patent for the invention of a submarine telescope and lamp. This was a remarkable device that permitted sea-going vessels to survey the depths of the ocean. Martha Coston perfected then patented her deceased husbands idea for a pyrotechnic flare. Costons husband, a former naval scientist, died leaving behind only a rough sketch in a diary of plans for the flares. Martha developed the idea into an elaborate system of flares called Night Signals that allowed ships to communicate messages nocturnally. The U. S. Navy bought the patent rights to the flares. Costons flares served as the basis of a system of communication that helped to save lives and to win battles. Martha credited her late husband with the first patent for the flares, but in 1871 she received a patent for an improvement exclusively her own. Paper Bags Margaret Knight was born in 1838. She received her first patent at the age of 30, but inventing was always part of her life. Margaret or Mattie as she was called in her childhood, made sleds and kites for her brothers while growing up in Maine. When she was just 12 years old, she had an idea for a stop-motion device that could be used in textile mills to shut down machinery, preventing workers from being injured. Knight eventually received some 26 patents. Her machine that made flat-bottomed paper bags is still used to this very day! 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition The 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition was a World Fair-like event held to celebrate the amazing progress of the century-old United States of America. The leaders of early feminist and womens suffrage movements had to aggressively lobby for the inclusion of a womans department in the exposition. After some firm pressing, the Centennial Womens Executive Committee was established, and a separate Womans Pavilion erected. Scores of women inventors either with patents or with patents pending displayed their inventions. Among them was Mary Potts and her invention Mrs. Potts Cold Handle Sad Iron patented in 1870. Chicagos Columbian Exposition in 1893 also included a Womans Building. A unique safety elevator invented by multi-patent holder Harriet Tracy and a device for lifting and transporting invalids invented by Sarah Sands were among the many items featured at this event. Traditionally womens undergarments consisted of brutally tight corsets meant to shape womens waists into unnaturally small forms. Some suggested that the reason women seemed so fragile, expected to faint at any time, was because their corsets prohibited proper breathing. Enlightened womens groups throughout the nation resoundingly agreed that less restrictive underclothing was in order. Susan Taylor Converses one-piece flannel Emancipation Suit, patented August 3, 1875, eliminated the need for a suffocating corset and became an immediate success. A number of womens groups lobbied for Converse to give up the 25-cent royalty she received on each Emancipation Suit sold, an effort that she rejected. Linking the emancipation of women from constrictive undergarments to her own freedom to profit from her intellectual property, Converse responded: With all your zeal for womens rights, how could you even suggest that one woman like myself should give of her head and hand labor without fair compensation? Perhaps its a no-brainer that women inventors should turn their minds to making better the things that often concern women the most. The Ultimate Home The ultimate convenience invention must certainly be woman inventor Frances Gabe’s self-cleaning house. The house, a combination of some 68 time-, labor-, and space-saving mechanisms, makes the concept of housework obsolete. Each of the rooms in the termite-proof, cinder block constructed, the self-cleaning house is fitted with a 10-inch, ceiling-mounted cleaning/drying/heating/cooling device. The walls, ceilings, and floors of the house are covered with resin, a liquid that becomes water-proof when hardened. The furniture is made of a water-proof composition, and there are no dust-collecting carpets anywhere in the house. At the push of a sequence of buttons, jets of soapy water wash the entire room. Then, after a rinse, the blower dries up any remaining water that hasn’t run down the sloping floors into a waiting drain. The sink, shower, toilet, and bathtub all clean themselves. The bookshelves dust themselves while a drain in the fireplace carries away ashes. The clothes closet is also a washer/drier combination. The kitchen cabinet is also a dishwasher; simply pile in soiled dishes, and don’t bother taking them out until they are needed again. Not only is the house of practical appeal to overworked homeowners, but also to physically handicapped people and the elderly. Frances Gabe (or Frances G. Bateson) was born in 1915 and now resides comfortably in Newberg, Oregon in the prototype of her self-cleaning house. Gabe gained experience in housing design and construction at an early age from working with her architect father. She entered the Girl’s Polytechnic College in Portland, Oregon at age 14 finishing a four-year program in just two years. After World War II, Gabe with her electrical engineer husband started a building repairs business that she ran for more than 45 years. In addition to her building/inventing credits, Frances Gabe is also an accomplished artist, musician, and mother. Fashion Forward Fashion designer Gabriele Knecht realized something that clothes makers were neglecting in their clothing designs- that our arms come out of our sides in a slightly forward direction, and we work them in front of our bodies. Knecht’s patented Forward Sleeve design is based on this observation. It lets the arms move freely without shifting the whole garment and allows clothes to drape gracefully on the body. Knecht was born in Germany in 1938 and came to America when she was 10 years old. She studied fashion design, and in 1960, received a bachelor of fine arts degree from Washington University in St. Louis. Knecht also took courses in physics, cosmology, and other areas of science that may seem unrelated to the fashion industry. Her broadened knowledge, however, helped her understand shapes and methods of pattern design. In 10 years she filled 20 notebooks with sketches, analyzed all the angles that sleeves can take, and made 300 experimental patterns and garments. Although Knecht had been a successful designer for several New York companies, she felt she had more creative potential. Struggling to start her own business, Knecht met a buyer from Saks Fifth Avenue department store who liked Knecht’s designs. Soon she was creating them exclusively for the store, and they sold well. In 1984 Knecht received the first annual More Award for the best new designer of women’s fashions. Carol Wior is the woman inventor of the Slimsuit, a swimsuit guaranteed to take an inch or more off the waist or tummy and to look natural. The secret to a slimmer look in the inner lining that shapes the body in specific areas, hiding bulges and giving a smooth, firm appearance. The Slimsuit comes with a tape measure to prove the claim. Wior was already a successful designer when she envisioned the new swimsuit. While on vacation in Hawaii, she always seemed to be pulling and tugging on her swimsuit to try to get it to cover properly, all the while trying to hold in her stomach. She realized other women were just as uncomfortable and began to think of ways to make a better swimsuit. Two years and a hundred trail patterns later, Wior achieved the design she wanted. Wior began her designing career at only 22 years old in her parents garage in Arcadia, California. With $77 and three sewing machines bought at auction, she made classic, elegant but affordable dresses and delivered them to her customers in an old milk truck. Soon she was selling to major retail stores and was quickly building a multi-million dollar business. At age 23, she was one of the youngest fashion entrepreneurs in Los Angeles. Protecting the Children When Ann Moore was a Peace Corps volunteer, she observed mothers in French West Africa carrying their babies securely on their backs. She admired the bonding between the African mother and child and wanted the same closeness when she returned home and had her own baby. Moore and her mother designed a carrier for Moores daughter similar to those she saw in Togo. Ann Moore and her husband formed a company to make and market the carrier, called the Snugli (patented in 1969). Today babies all over the world are being carried close to their mothers and fathers. In 1912, the beautiful soprano opera singer and actress of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lillian Russell, patented a combination dresser-trunk built solidly enough to remain intact during travel and doubled as a portable dressing room. Silver Screen superstar Hedy Lamarr (Hedwig Kiesler Markey) with the help of composer George Antheil invented a secret communication system in an effort to help the allies defeat the Germans in World War II. The invention, patented in 1941, manipulated radio frequencies between transmission and reception to develop an unbreakable code so that top-secret messages could not be intercepted. Julie Newmar, a living Hollywood film and television legend, is a women inventor. The former Catwoman patented ultra-sheer, ultra-snug pantyhose. Known for her work in films such as Seven Brides for Seven Brothers and Slaves of Babylon, Newmar has also appeared recently in Fox Televisions Melrose Place and the hit feature-film To Wong Fu, Thanks for Everything, Love Julie Newmar. Ruffles, fluted collars, and pleats were very popular in Victorian-era clothing. Susan Knoxs fluting iron made pressing the embellishments easier. The trademark featured the inventors picture and appeared on each iron. Women have made many contributions to advance the fields of science and engineering. Nobel Prize Winner Katherine Blodgett (1898-1979) was a woman of many firsts. She was the first female scientist hired by General Electric’s Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York (1917) as well as the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Physics from Cambridge University (1926). Blodgett’s research on monomolecular coatings with Nobel Prize-winning Dr. Irving Langmuir led her to a revolutionary discovery. She discovered a way to apply the coatings layer by layer to glass and metal. The thin films, which naturally reduced glare on reflective surfaces, when layered to a certain thickness, would completely cancel out the reflection from the surface underneath. This resulted in the world’s first 100% transparent or invisible glass. Blodgett’s patented film and process (1938) has been used for many purposes including limiting distortion in eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes, camera, and projector lenses. Programming Computers Grace Hopper (1906-1992) was one of the first programmers to transform large digital computers from oversized calculators into relatively intelligent machines capable of understanding human instructions. Hopper developed a common language with which computers could communicate called Common Business-Oriented Language or COBOL, now the most widely used computer business language in the world. In addition to many other firsts, Hopper was the first woman to graduate from Yale University with a Ph.D. in Mathematics, and in 1985, was the first woman ever to reach the rank of admiral in the US Navy. Hopper’s work was never patented; her contributions were made before computer software technology was even considered a patentable field. Invention of Kevlar Stephanie Louise Kwolek’s research with high-performance chemical compounds for the DuPont Company led to the development of a synthetic material called Kevlar which is five times stronger than the same weight of steel. Kevlar, patented by Kwolek in 1966, does not rust nor corrode and is extremely lightweight. Many police officers owe their lives to Stephanie Kwolek, for Kevlar is the material used in bulletproof vests. Other applications of the compound include underwater cables, brake linings, space vehicles, boats, parachutes, skis, and building materials. Kwolek was born in New Kensington, Pennsylvania in 1923. Upon graduating in 1946 from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University) with a bachelor’s degree, Kwolek went to work as a chemist at the DuPont Company. She would ultimately obtain 28 patents during her 40-year tenure as a research scientist. In 1995, Kwolek was inducted into the Hall of Fame. Inventors NASA Valerie Thomas received a patent in 1980 for inventing an illusion transmitter. This futuristic invention extends the idea of television, with its images located flatly behind a screen, to having three-dimensional projections appear as though they were right in your living room. Perhaps in the not-so-distant future, the illusion transmitter will be as popular as the TV is today. Thomas worked as a mathematical data analyst for NASA after receiving a degree in physics. She later served as project manager for the development of NASA’s image-processing system on Landsat, the first satellite to send images from outer space. In addition to having worked on several other high-profile NASA projects, Thomas continues to be an outspoken advocate for minority rights. Barbara Askins, a former teacher, and mother, who waited until after her two children entered school to complete her B. S. in chemistry followed by a Master’s degree in the same field, developed a totally new way of processing film. Askins was hired in 1975 by NASA to find a better way to develop astronomical and geological pictures taken by researchers. Until Askins’ discovery, these images, while containing valuable information, were hardly visible. In 1978 Askins patented a method of enhancing the pictures using radioactive materials. The process was so successful that its uses were expanded beyond NASA research to improvements in X-ray technology and in the restoration of old pictures. Barbara Askins was named National Inventor of the Year in 1978. Ellen Ochoa’s pre-doctoral work at Stanford University in electrical engineering led to the development of an optical system designed to detect imperfections in repeating patterns. This invention, patented in 1987, can be used for quality control in the manufacturing of various intricate parts. Dr. Ochoa later patented an optical system which can be used to robotically manufacture goods or in robotic guiding systems. In all Ellen Ochoa has received three patents, most recently in 1990. In addition to being a woman inventor, Dr. Ochoa is also a research scientist and astronaut for NASA who has logged hundreds of hours in space. Inventing Geobond Patricia Billings received a patent in 1997 for a fire resistant building material called Geobond. Billings’ work as a sculpture artist put her on a journey to find or develop a durable additive to prevent her painstaking plaster works from accidentally falling and shattering. After nearly two decades of basement experiments, the result of her efforts was a solution which when added to a mixture of gypsum and concrete, creates an amazingly fire resistant, indestructible plaster. Not only can Geobond add longevity to artistic works of plastic, but also it is steadily being embraced by the construction industry as an almost universal building material. Geobond is made with non-toxic ingredients which make it the ideal replacement for asbestos. Currently, Geobond is being sold in more than 20 markets worldwide, and Patricia Billings, great grandmother, artist, and woman inventor remains at the helm of her carefully constructed Kansas City-based empire. Women care and women care as inventors. Many female inventors have turned their skills on finding ways to save lives. Invention of Nystatin As researchers for the New York Department of Health, Elizabeth Lee Hazen and Rachel Brown combined their efforts to develop the anti-fungal antibiotic drug Nystatin. The drug, patented in 1957 was used to cure many disfiguring, disabling fungal infections as well as to balance the effect of many antibacterial drugs. In addition to human ailments, the drug has been used to treat such problems as Dutch Elms disease and to restore water-damaged artwork from the effects of mold. The two scientists donated the royalties from their invention, over $13 million dollars, to the nonprofit Research Corporation for the advancement of academic scientific study. Hazen and Brown were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1994. Fighting Disease Gertrude Elion patented the leukemia-fighting drug 6-mercaptopurine in 1954 and has made a number of significant contributions to the medical field. Dr. Elions research led to the development of Imuran, a drug that aids the body in accepting transplanted organs, and Zovirax, a drug used to fight herpes. Including 6-mercaptopurine, Elions name is attached to some 45 patents. In 1988 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine with George Hitchings and Sir James Black. In retirement, Dr. Elion, who was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1991, continues to be an advocate for medical and scientific advancement. Stem Cell Research Ann Tsukamoto is co-patenter of a process to isolate the human stem cell; the patent for this process was awarded in 1991. Stem cells are located in bone marrow and serve as the foundation for the growth of red and white blood cells. Understanding how stem cells grow or how they might be artificially reproduced is vital to cancer research. Tsukamotos work has led to great advancements in comprehending the blood systems of cancer patients and may one day lead to a cure for the disease. She is currently directing further research in the areas of stem cell growth and cellular biology. Patient Comfort Betty Rozier and Lisa Vallino, a mother and daughter team, invented an intravenous catheter shield to make the use of IVs in hospitals safer and easier. The computer-mouse shaped, polyethylene shield covers the site on a patient where an intravenous needle has been inserted. The IV House prevents the needle from being accidentally dislodged and minimizes its exposure to patient tampering. Rozier and Vallino received their patent in 1993. After fighting breast cancer and undergoing a mastectomy in 1970, Ruth Handler, one of the creators of the Barbie Doll, surveyed the market for a suitable prosthetic breast. Disappointed in the options available, she set about designing a replacement breast that was more similar to a natural one. In 1975, Handler received a patent for Nearly Me, a prosthesis made of material close in weight and density to natural breasts.

Anthrax in America essays

Anthrax in America essays The greatest country in the world has been in a high state of alert for the past month and a half. People looking above in fear, and people looking around in suspicion. Then one day, a word went across the television that many did not know of, and many did not fear. A worthy opponent of the American way of life had appeared. One that would effect the mail system, cause more fear and panic, and danger the lives of innocent people. This evil foe is called Anthrax. In the past three weeks or so, everyone has been taking an extra glance at their mail before opening. The stories of innocent Americans opening their mail only to get a powdery cloud and to be infected with Anthrax has everyone trying their best to take care of themselves and their employees. CBS news, ABC news, and CNN are just a few corporations that have suspended incoming mail until they can further evaluate their mail systems (Noonan 38). In all the panic and fear, there is only one choice U.S. mail has, and that is to keep going. The entire nations mail cannot just stop. The anthrax problem would be solved, but bills would not be paid, orders would not be given, and important, possibly lifesaving, information would not be received. However, different branches have slowed down to ensure safety (Noonan 38). On television, you see all the big names telling us what they are doing to fight this scare, but the people who are really dealing with it, are those in the mailroom. A letter comes in saying, important. A young woman , only three weeks on the job, opens it only to get an infection to which has put her life in danger. (Noonan 38) However, is this an attack by the same terrorist to which attacked in mid-September? As more and more anthrax cases come up, more and more people point to Usama Bin Laden. If one really thinks on the subject, how difficult would it be to send letters with a false return address with a powder in the ...

The movie Idiocracy Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Idiocracy - Movie Review Example Against his will, the Luke Wilson character is succeeding in life. His children will have much more opportunities than he does, and more than any of Dax's children. However, the premise feeds into our insecurity about the state of the world and a general feeling that things are going downhill. People have believed this since the beginning of time. This movie was probably shown because in it there is a connection between humour and thoughtfulness. Ideas are present along with the silly gags. This is a good way to illustrate that some comedy can be a social commentary on the way we live now. Mike Judge is a smart comedian who often make films that suggest society is empty or full of cultural waste. In this movie he is trying to show that the world is on the edge of a cliff and in the future will fall off of that cliff. But the whole time he makes us laugh. That makes the medicine go down much more easily. In the end, this movie does not really have a profound message. The idea that the world is going to be full of idiots five hundred years from now because of breeding practices is unlikely. There may be a lot of dumb people in the world today, but there are a lot of smart people. There will always be a place and a need for intelligence. Judge shows how intelligence is actually valued by the idiots. Perhaps intelligent people will be a smaller set of the population, but it is unlikely they will disappear entirely in the future. The movie is intended to be a comedy with an edge and that is what it is, nothing more.

Security Policy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Security Policy Analysis - Essay Example These company’s make earnings from these projects (Luetge & Jauernig, n.d.). As a result, they need to mitigate risks facing the projects as one of the factors that will influence the project. In regard to that, there is a need to identify, examine and regulate the threats that may affect the completion of any project. The company also faces other threats not related to the projects in any manner. These form the institution risks. Most of them will attempt to obstruct the system from achieving its objectives. It involves the organization settling on priorities concerning the efforts made in the institution and the use of resources for optimum achievement. It should span all the mission areas of the company. Assume you are a technical advisor for the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of your organization. The CIO sends you an email communicating that she wants to be briefed on "OMB M-11-11" because the administrator has just added it to the list of priorities for the organization. She has limited knowledge of the policy and needs to know how it will effect the organization, and what we have already accomplished towards meeting the requirements within the system. First, I would report on what OMB-11-11 is (Xceedium.com, 2015). In relation to that, it is a policy that advocates for the implementation of identity verification among persons to facilitate authorization to have access to information systems, networks and facilities in an organization. Next, I will report on the implementation of OMB-11-11. The application will entail a detailed procedure and use of software applications that will make the process simpler such as a Xsuite. The access control mechanism will offer privileges such as keeping track of passwords, access methods that rely on keys both for network and information systems. Through such application software, it is possible to separate authorization and authentication to beef up security especially in highly sensitive areas of

How Obtaining My Degree Essay Example for Free

How Obtaining My Degree Essay Deciding to go continue my education and further learning is one of the best decisions I’ve made only because it’s what will benefit my future living, financially and mentally as well. We all have an idea of what we want in life, but we end up doing the opposite and resulting in being miserable. A person like me, a black man, is pretty lucky to have come this far 39 years without going to prison. With a degree, I would be more knowledgeable and socially accepted. I haven’t always chosen the right friends. Luckily, I haven’t been in any trouble. Although college is a privilege but I see it more as a necessity in life in order to expand my horizons and life’s possibilities. Attending school will teach me useful tips I’ll use for the rest of my life, whether its time management, not procrastinating with anything and pushing myself to the highest possible limit. Earning a degree will change my life, and my child’s life in many ways. A degree would help us in this economic downturn. I have been working as a hairdresser for over 10 years now, and while it pays the bills, there is no room to go on vacation. There are no emergency funds set aside. Our economy may be getting better; however I do not believe I can get a head. I will continue skating by, or worse, an emergency may happen and I will not have the funds to cover it. A degree would give me pride in myself. I’ve always wanted to go to college, however I could never find the right time. A degree would help me accomplish a better life for myself, and my daughter. It will also set a huge example for my child. You never want your children to experience your downfalls. People want the best for their children. I believe my daughter will be more inclined to go to college if I were to graduate and earn my degree. She has seen the jobs I’ve had in the past, the trials, tribulations, financial hardships, stress, the many times we’ve had to move, and she can compare it to how stable we can live once I’ve earned a successful living because of Higher Education. I would like to study Business Administration with an emphasis on human resources management I love the training aspects and seeing people up to win at there job with proper training and instruction My profession in business would make my daughter and immediate family so proud of me. Not one person in my immediate family went to college. I would love to make new history, and set a new trend within my family. At the end of the day college is not something to not take seriously; it requires dedication, patience, social skills, etc. College is something provided for adults of all ages that offer the opportunity to become a more advanced educated citizen. It’s something with great value and credibility in the real world when it comes to seeking for a salary paid job, with any college experience comes an automatic gain especially if completed and exited with a degree. At the end of the day college is not for everyone to attend is what I have always been told, but I now know that it is for me!

Computers in the Mathematics Classroom :: Math Technology Education

?Calculators and computers are reshaping the mathematical landscape, and school mathematics should reflect those changes? (NCTM 24). My view of mathematics and geometry is that they go hand in hand. You have to know some algebraic procedures in order to be able to perform geometry problems. I never enjoyed Geometry in high school but now that I see it in a different prospective using GSP I really understand and enjoy it. I think that Geometry should be taught with software so the students can work with it hand in hand with the teacher and other students. Looking from the teacher prospective it would be easier to describe various concepts. To learn geometry means to know how to perform geometric problems and understand the process. I also think that a person should know various ways to perform geometry including the use of a calculator and Geometry Sketch Pad. One expectation of Geometry according the NCTM Standards is to ?draw and construct representations of twoand three-dimensional geometric objects using a variety of tools? (308). By using GSP the process is easier to follow 2 then just using a pencil and paper approach. Now don?t get me wrong using pencil and paper to draw various geometry objects is ways to have the student learn express relational understanding. Geometry Sketch Pad gives the user the option of reversing the steps to see were you started which could help to remember the process which is even more of a relational understanding. The user can also save his or her work for the future and the teacher is also able to see what the student?s train of thought. We need to use Dynamic Geometry Software in our teaching and learning so we can see and play with problems presented. By teaching with the use of Geometry Sketch Pad the teacher has the capabilities to teach outside of the book. It causes students to learn in a more relational way as apposed to instrumental (How Should Mathematics Be Taught?). By learning with the use of Geometry Sketch Pad a person is able to save their work for later reflections and they are able to learn a process. The capabilities of GSP are vast. The teacher and the learner both can benefit significantly through the use of GSP. I only foresee a little difference between the use of Dynamic Geometry Software in High school and in middle 3 school. I think at the high school level is where teachers

Prostate Cancer in African American Men Essay

Prostate Cancer is the gland below a man’s bladder that produces fluid for semen. Prostate cancer is common among older men. Prostate cancer is a silent killer, and because it grows slowly, many men have no idea it’s there It is rare in men younger than forty. Risk factors for developing prostate cancer include being over sixty five years of age, family history, being African American, and some genetic changes. There is an estimated of 241,740 new cases and 28,170 deaths from prostate cancer in the United States in 2012 (National Cancer Institute, 2011). Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men, behind skin cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men especially in African American men. one out of six men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. For example, if you’re at home having a cookout with 11 of your friends, it’s likely that two of you at some point in your lives will be diagnosed with pros tate cancer. and If you’re an African-American man, those odds increase to nearly one in five. Prostate cancer affects African American men twice as often as Caucasian men; the mortality rate among African American is also twice as high. African American men have the highest rate of prostate cancer of any ethic group in the world. In the African American community men are at high risk due to low socioeconomic status, and not getting cancer screening because of no health insurance. With the increased amount of men being diagnosed each year it is shocking that many men still avoid visiting the doctor because it makes them uncomfortable and they are afraid of what the results will be even when some clinics give free prostate cancer screening. While prostate cancer screening test can have abnormal results even when cancer is not present, it is important for men to have prostate screening done.prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are many factors that can inf luence the outcome of the PSA test. Medications such as antihistamines, physical exertion or recent ejaculation can raise a PSA level. Another test for early detection of prostate cancer has been the digital rectal exam (DRE). Although, DRE is a better method for early detection, it is also a hindrance among men, particularly African-American men, to screening and early detection According to American Cancer Society (ACS) and American Urological Association (AUA), the PSA and DRE should be offered annually for all men beginning at age 50. However, they also recommend that African-American men with a family history of prostate cancer should begin testing by age 45. Early intervention is the key to a 5 year survival rate. Prognosis of prostate cancer diagnosed at an early stage is noted as being optimistic. Despite these credible statistics, free prostate cancer screening and early detection remains a problem area for many health care practitioners when it comes to the African American population (Plowden 2009) Madeline Leininger’s Sunrise Model has been used in many studies over the past twenty years. Between 1999 and 2008, over 200 citations of articles were noted using Leininger Theory (McEwen, 2011). She postulated that nurses should attempt to increase knowledge related to the care of people who value their cultural heritage and way of life (McEwen, 2011). The Leininger Sunrise Model of cultural diversity is used to obtain compliance with prostate cancer screening among African-American men; the goal has been to build a relationship of cooperation between clients and health care workers. Educating the men as well as examining their fears and anxieties is useful in removing barriers of resistance and gaining trust, thus empowering the client (McEwen, 2011). The Health Belief Model (HBM) â€Å"postulates a person’s perception of disease threat and benefits of taking action will predetermine taking action† (Rivers, 2009). The HBM is used to determine the African American male understanding of prostate cancer and to identify factors that would motivate that populatio n to seek screening and treatment of prostate cancer. The HBM has been used to design intervention to educate as well as facilitate access to screening and treatment (Rivers, 2009). Leininger’s Theory of cultural care diversity is a middle range theory that is based upon the major concepts of culture, culture care and understanding the differences as well as the similarities to transcultural human care. Her other major concepts of transcultural care are, caring, and ethic views, the system of health care, the professional system of care and culturally congruent nursing care. (McEwen, 2011) The strength of Leininger Theory lies in the fact that it is a holistic theory seeking to cover both the diversity and universality of nursing care concepts. Caring aspects within and between cultures must include the acknowledgement of the similarities and differences. The theory has been widely used within the credibility and confirm ability of data gained from research (McGee, 1994). Because the Leininger Theory places emphasis on cultural s ensitivity and cultural congruence, it can be said that cultural knowledge will improve care. However, because the approach fails to take into account a political and structural inequality of minorities and focuses on differences and deficits, it can be construed that the culture itself is the problem. The possibility of reinforcing stereotypes and increasing the gap between provider and patient may actually make the care aspect less than culturally safe (Orià ¡, 2005). Leininger Theory can be used in a wide range of modalities when considering the problem of prostate screening. When examining the focus of this clinical problem i.e., how to get increased participation from a high risk group to prostate cancer screening, Plowden reached several conclusions that are applicable to today’s practice for advance nurse practitioners. For example, African-American men were more likely to seek screening and participate in the treatment process if 1.) There was a perceived susceptibility to prostate cancer and that threat was perceived as severe in life threatening or disabling . 2.) There were perceived benefits to the screening such as early detection and accurate diagnosis. 3.) There were no perceived barriers. 4.) Sufficient triggers need to exist to motivate behavior (Plowden, 2009). When applying these findings to advanced nurse practitioners’ practices, it can be said that men in the high risk groups must first be educated on the risks of prostate cancer. They need to understand the implications involved with failure to be screened. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are very important to the 5 year survival post diagnosis. Screening is essential to the quality of life for a person diagnosed with prostate cancer. For example, lifestyle changes would have to be made after a radical prostectomy versus a chemo radiation treatment of a localized slow growing tumor. When health care professionals can successfully manage to remove or go around barriers, whether real or perceived, the goal of seeking medical intervention is improved. Health care professionals can attempt to established sufficient triggers so that the behavior can be motivated to attain compliance to screening. The advanced nurse practitioner’s challenge will be to first establish trust and reputation as a caregiver who cares and is approachable; educate the population of the high risk group to the benefits of early detection versus late discovery; provide easy access to screening and the follow up phase of the intervention; and maintain confidentiality. Peer group discussions with professionals have shown to aid in getting better compliance (Plowden, 2009). The African-American males’ decision making process when considering prostate cancer screening is influenced greatly by cultural mores and beliefs. These cultural beliefs often lead to a lower rate of compliance to free screening versus all other races i.e. Caucasians, etc. Leisiniger’s cultural diversity theory can be used to effectively educate and increase compliance by teaching practitioners ways to overcome these cultural barriers. By following the concepts of care, caring, and understanding feelings of self, as well as the feelings of others, it is possible to overcome cultural barriers. Works Cited Cherath, Lata, et al. â€Å"Prostate Cancer.† The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Laurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 3578-3584. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. â€Å"LATEST RESEARCH: Faster Prostate Cancer Growth In Black Men?.† Prostate Disorders (2011): 31. Health Source – Consumer Edition. Web. 7 Dec. 2012 â€Å"Prostate Cancer.† National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations), National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. .

Isopod Behavior Lab Report Essay

Background Information: In our lab we were working with isopods, also known as pill bugs or rollie pollies. The isopods that we worked with were land isopods. They like to live in moist places under untouched objects such as boards, bricks, rotting logs and or rocks. Basically, they will live anywhere! If you are lucky enough, you can even find them next to buildings where it is moist and if there is food. All living organisms like certain things and don’t like certain things, for example; most animals will try to eat something sugary or sweet, like a piece of candy. While the same animal my not wanting to eat something that is not sugary or sweet like peas. Every organism acts different, especially when a stimulus is affecting them. While other times the organism can do something for no reason, well at least to our knowledge. Relationships also can be a factor on how organisms act, most likely being aggressive or submissive. For example, male crocodiles will fight each other for a mate; this is showing their aggressive side. After one of the crocs has won the fight, the female croc will be submissive towards him to show dominance. This shows how they can act because of a relationship. Another example is people and the weather, which is a stimulus. People who like mild to hot temperatures will most likely go outside to do things. While people who don’t like the cold temperatures will do things inside, just so they don’t go outside. This shows how a stimulus can affect an organism’s behavior and what they do. Hypothesis: For my hypothesis I wrote, â€Å"If the pill bugs are in the petri dish with the other chemicals then they will go to the filter paper where the sugar is more so then the other filter paper that has chemicals on it†. I choose this hypothesis for many reasons. First off, I know that most organisms, bugs, insects, etc†¦ like sweet and sugary tasting things. I know this because I always see ants in my kitchen trying to get to the sugar rather then anything else. I know the pill bugs will not like the vinegar because most bugs will not go for vinegar. This goes the same with salt. I also thought about the water, this would be my second choice for my hypothesis. As I was writing my hypothesis, I also tried to tie it to me as well. I personally favor sugar over the others, next would be water, then salt, and last but not least vinegar. Using my personal taste, I was better able to make my decision on my hypothesis. Procedures: Procedure 1: 1 petri dish was placed on top of table. A dry piece of filter paper was centered into petri dish. Four pill bugs were placed into the petri dish; the petri dish was covered with an index card then a stack of post-it notes was placed on top of the index cards. The pill bug’s behavior was observed for 5 minutes, data was gathered and written on the paper. No human influence had any affect on the pill bugs behavior. Procedure 2: One piece of circular filter paper was taken and cut into 4 equal sections. The 4 sections of filter paper were then assigned and labeled with a letter from A – D. The chemicals were collected, which were water, salt solution, sugar solution and vinegar. Using a dropper, 5 – 10 drops of each solution were placed on a separate piece of filter paper. Then the filter paper with the solutions on it was placed in the petri dish, 4 pill bugs were then added into the petri dish. The pill bugs behavior was observed and recorded over th e course of 5 minutes by recording how many pill bugs would go on each piece of filter paper in 30-second intervals. After that the pill bugs were returned to their home, the filter paper and the lab station were cleaned. Over the course of our lab, our group collected lots of data from the pill bugs behavior. At the beginning of our lab we had placed the pill bugs in the petri dish with dry filter paper and we observed their behavior. The pill bugs were going around the inside rim of petri in circles following each other, almost as if it were a game of tag. The pill bugs never seemed to stop moving, flipping over and were constantly climbing. Some of the pill  bugs even tried to escape from the petri dish, but our group was quick to make that didn’t happen. As our lab went on, we placed the 4 different pieces of filter paper with solutions on them and then added 4 pill bugs to it. We collected lots of information during this procedure. This table represents how many pill bugs were on each slice of filter paper, that had a different solution on each of them, over 30 second intervals lasting 5 minutes. This is what were recorded our data on for this part of the lab. Conclusions: The purpose of our experiment was to observe the behavior of the pill bugs. We were trying to find exactly whether the pill bugs would be attracted or repelled by the chemicals. The chemicals used were vinegar, water, salt solution and a sugar solution. By placing strips of filter paper with the solutions on it into a petri dish and then adding the pill bugs did attract and repel the pill bugs. This experiment would show whether the pill bugs would be attracted to one or some of the 4 chemicals in petri dish. This experiment was relevant to the topic because the pill bugs would show some kind of different behavior, which is what the topic was related to because the topic was that some animals behave in different ways, especially to a stimulus. From the experiment I learned that the pill bugs behavior did change when the chemicals were added to the petri dish. From the data that we recorded in the chart it showed that the pill bugs like to go to the sugar solution the most. This does not surprise me because I thought the pill bugs would be most likely to go to the sugar solution. I thought this because most animals would chose something that is sugary and sweet, so I tied this into the experiment and this is also how I formed my hypothesis. Next came the water solution that the pill bugs liked. Then, came the salt solution. Then, came the in between filter. Finally, came the vinegar solution. This does not surprise me that the pill bugs like the vinegar solution because I know ants don’t like vinegar, so I thought the pill bugs would be the same. These  results fully support my hypothesis about the experiment. Through this experiment my hypothesis was proven correct. My original hypothesis was, â€Å"If the pill bugs are introduced to the chemicals, then the pill bugs will most likely go to the sugar solution rather then go to the others†. I then looked at the results of my experiment and it showed that the pill bugs liked the sugar solution the most. This alone proves that my hypothesis is correct. I believe the accuracy and precision in my results is 100% correct. I believe this to be valid because I ensured there were no errors made during the experiment. Even though there was a lot of room for error I made sure that it didn’t happen. This experiment could have been revised, as there should have been a bigger petri dish or something larger to hold the pill bugs in. This way more solutions could have been used like the same 4 chemicals just more slides of them. This would show more accurately that they really did like the sugar; this would eliminate any one saying that it was a fluke, that the pill bugs liked the sugar. I also think more pill bugs should have been added. I think that this would allow for more room for accuracy and precision in the experiment. From the experiment I learned that pill bugs are very interesting organisms. I had a lot of fun doing the experiment. I learned that out of a sugar solution, a salt solution, vinegar and water, that the pill bugs will choose the sugar solution the most. I also learned from this experiment that an experiment can always be redone and that it will show more accurate results. Before this experiment I always thought that one experiment could be good enough for 100% accuracy. Then, I thought about this experiment and I realized that this experiment could be better done. I also learned that pill bugs also like to climb on top of each other. This was interesting to me because I never thought they would do that because, you don’t see people or elephants climbing top of each other. These are some facts that I learned from the lab. In conclusion, the experiment showed the behavior of the pill bugs when chemicals were introduced. When the sugar solution, salt solution, vinegar and water were added and the pill bugs behavior was changed by whether they  were attracted to it or not. Through my results from the experiment the pill bugs liked the sugar solution the most and that supported my hypothesis. The experiment had no errors, but could have been done better. Finally, through the experiment I learned many new things, I had a lot of fun and I realized that not every experiment is not always the best one done. I also learned that an organism’s behavior could be affected by a stimulus even though we may not see it.

Worksheet for Chebyshevs Inequality

Worksheet for Chebyshev's Inequality Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 1 -1/K2 of data from a sample must fall within K standard deviations from the mean, where ​​K is any positive real number greater than one. This means that we don’t need to know the shape of the distribution of our data. With only the mean and standard deviation, we can determine the amount of data a certain number of standard deviations from the mean. The following are some problems to practice using the inequality. Example #1 A class of second graders has a mean height of five feet with a standard deviation of one inch. At least what percent of the class must be between 4’10† and 5’2†?​​ Solution The heights that are given in the range above are within two standard deviations from the mean height of five feet. Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 1 – 1/22 3/4 75% of the class is in the given height range. Example #2 Computers from a particular company are found to last on average for three years without any hardware malfunction, with a standard deviation of two months. At least what percent of the computers last between 31 months and 41 months? Solution The mean lifetime of three years corresponds to 36 months. The times of 31 months to 41 months are each 5/2 2.5 standard deviations from the mean. By Chebyshev’s inequality, at least 1 – 1/(2.5)62 84% of the computers last from 31 months to 41 months. Example #3 Bacteria in a culture live for an average time of three hours with a standard deviation of 10 minutes. At least what fraction of the bacteria live between two and four hours? Solution Two and four hours are each one hour away from the mean. One hour corresponds to six standard deviations. So at least 1 – 1/62 35/36 97% of the bacteria live between two and four hours. Example #4 What is the smallest number of standard deviations from the mean that we must go if we want to ensure that we have at least 50% of the data of a distribution? Solution Here we use Chebyshev’s inequality and work backward. We want 50% 0.50 1/2 1 – 1/K2. The goal is to use algebra to solve for K. We see that 1/2 1/K2. Cross multiply and see that 2 K2. We take the square root of both sides, and since K is a number of standard deviations, we ignore the negative solution to the equation. This shows that K is equal to the square root of two. So at least 50% of the data is within approximately 1.4 standard deviations from the mean. Example #5 Bus route #25 takes a mean time of 50 minutes with a standard deviation of 2 minutes. A promotional poster for this bus system states that â€Å"95% of the time bus route #25 lasts from ____ to _____ minutes.† What numbers would you fill in the blanks with? Solution This question is similar to the last one in that we need to solve for K, the number of standard deviations from the mean. Start by setting 95% 0.95 1 – 1/K2. This shows that 1 - 0.95 1/K2. Simplify to see that 1/0.05 20 K2. So K 4.47. Now express this in the terms above. At least 95% of all rides are 4.47 standard deviations from the mean time of 50 minutes. Multiply 4.47 by the standard deviation of 2 to end up with nine minutes. So 95% of the time, bus route #25 takes between 41 and 59 minutes.

Catch me if you can Essays

Catch me if you can Essays Catch me if you can Paper Catch me if you can Paper Essay Topic: Everything I Never Told You Film Society is everything we see around us the atmosphere we live in and the place we call home, the average people and their beliefs and what is accepted and what isnt. It is in other terms, the world around us. In the film, society is represented as a gullible, and stereotypical place, as people tend to generally go with what they see, and believe everything they see. In some cases, the film is a true reflection of society in the 1960s. However there is a vast difference between its setting and society today, hence it is arguable that it is not true reflection of todays world and society At the beginning of the film the setting is quickly portrayed. It is set in a small America town during the Mid 1960s. At this time family was extremely important, especially communication and relationships within the family unit. The bond between Frank Jr and Mr and Mrs Abagnale appears to be very strong from the very first scene. Frank Abagnale Jrs eyes lighten up in awe as he watches his father receiving his award. His is the hardest to clap and the last to stop clapping as his mother beamed in delighted. However, not everything is always as it seems. The family seem to have a good relationship towards one another, especially the parents as they had been dancing. Frank portrays fondness and affection towards his parents watching in admiration whilst they are dancing. Franks mother spills her drink and thus creating a stain on the carpet. Although they were laughing and dancing over it, the stain may symbolise a patch or a bad sign on their marriage, which was there was as we see later on in the film. Furthermore, it was the mother who clumsily spilled the drink, and it was her who drove the family to break apart by having an affair behind her husbands and sons back. Frank views his family as the perfect, unbreakable family. He idolises his dad and is very optimistic towards the familys bond to one another. He believes that his familys love for one another can not be broken and is never-ending. He shows this through his willingness and determination to bring his mother and father back together again, as he views the divorce as a minor obstacle and believes that the bond of his family cannot be broken by this. He tries extremely hard to bring his family back together, as this was the reason which made him turn into a con artist, and forging cheques so he could regain the money lost in the family. He is desperate to have things back to normal, and even more to have his mum and dad back together again, as he was always offering his dad gifts to use to seduce and charm his mum just as he had done in France, I bought you a Cadillac dad, maybe you could take mum for a ride. Frank Abagnales mother is presented as an attractive middle aged housewife. She dresses in family orientated clothes, and appears to be the average housewife. However she is not what she appears to be at all as she is an extremely deceptive and dishonest character within the play. She shows this when she has an affair on her husband with a friend of his. She also shows nervousness in her character, when Frank Abagnale walks in on her. She quickly tries to get rid of him by bribing him do you want some money to buy anything? This also shows her deceitful manner and personality. Franks father, however, is presented as a more optimistic, diligent and charming father figure within the film, and he knows he is al of this. He is diligent and hard working, and it is seen through his mice speech Two mice fell in a bucket of cream. The first mouse quickly drowned but the second mouse struggled and swam and finally turned that cream into butter and managed to walk out. I am that second mouse. He is also very optimistic, and this is shown in the whole matter of the divorce. He keeps reassuring his son that everything will be fine again, when it obviously will not be, thus showing his optimistic behaviour. He is also a very charming character, a characteristic which his son has obviously inherited. He uses his charms to his great advantage, and his main technique is achieved only when talking to a pretty, younger woman. He pulls out a necklace whilst the woman is telling him when the issue he is trying to deal with can not be completed, i. e. the suit incident, and asks her, did you drop this in the car park? It must have slipped right off your neck. The young woman is then flattered to be attracted to what appears to be a well supported handsome man and does not take great care into what she actually is doing, thus completing what he is trying to purchase or achieve. Frank is driven to run away simply because he can choose neither his mum nor dad. It is an impossible choice to make for any teenager, and this reflects that Frank is still only a kid as he runs away. He cant choose between his parents because he needs both of them, and we see this by his reaction when he was told of the divorce. In America during the 1960s, the type of clothing you wore portrayed your status, what type of job you had and even how much money you may have owned. For example, if you were seen in a suit, you would automatically be thought of as a richer, more upper class member of society. You would be looked up at, and would receive more public respect. This is portrayed in the film by Frank Abagnale Jr to a great extent. Knowing that clothing was a vital part in his scams, Frank Abagnale Jr used this to his advantage along with his wit and charm. He can be very deceiving simply by the type of clothes he is wearing. He uses them to disguise himself and take on different roles, especially when trying to deceive others. On his first day of public school, Frank is dressed as he would be expected to if he was going to a private school. As he is dressed in this upper class clothing in a middle class school, he is mistaken for a teacher, and automatically gains status over his fellow students just through his clothes. He gains confidence from this experience, thus creating the new deceptive and ambiguous character. People in society in the 60s were very credulous and had an inclination of judging people by what they wore. Since they were very gullible for this reason, they tended to believe Frank was an upstanding member of society and was of a very upper class status, and because of this type of prejudgement they were very likely and did believe him. Frank Jr sees this as an opportunity to make money and relishes it, especially when cashing cheques. When he is dressed in the pilots outfit, the public smile and greet him in the street as they see him to have a much respected job and position within society. A boy asks for Franks autograph when he is walking on the street, which shows he is idolised for wearing a pilots suit without having a proper qualification or job, and thus proving peoples gullibility. Furthermore, when he wants to cash in cheques, he goes to the younger and better looking women who are very easily impressed and also very susceptible like others in society at that time, they would be very amazed and pleased with themselves for being able to attract such a handsome, well mannered man, and one of a higher status. This makes them help him to do what he needs when he uses the necklace trick, hence why they are his main targets when looking to cash his cheques and use his charms and wit. Frank Jr expresses his need of a stable, strong-bonded family throughout the film. It is what he wishes to have more than anything else. But however, he is expected to choose one parent over another. This for him is an impossible task as at the end of the day he is still a teenager and he needs both parents to support him in what he does and through his teenage life. His love for his parents, which he portrays throughout the film, is immensely strong. Brendas family, or the strong family, have high expectations of Frank. They expect him to have a high and successful job so he supports Brenda. Furthermore, they expect him to be a Lutheran, and to follow their beliefs. Not only this, but they see him as a good candidate as he seemed to have a great background and an even better education. Hanratty is enormously determined to catch Frank Abagnale Jr for a single purpose- he left him looking like a fool. He has been repeatedly fooled by Frank, and the desire to catch him has gone from a simple challenge to a massive obsession. He craves to catch Frank to put him away for good at first, but however his opinion of Frank changes and he has the expectation that he will be sensible and law abiding when caught. Franks character is completely reflective of a teenager. His reaction when he finds out about his parents decision to split up is reflected by this completely. He decides automatically to run away and this shows that he is still young and cannot handle the responsibilities of being an adult and a man. He cannot live without both parents, and this shows his major dependability on both of his parents. The audience watching the film perceive him as a likable fun character within the play. They love seeing him get away with his scams, and believe that he is justified for his misdemeanours. His life changes drastically, when he is caught as he no longer has that sense of freedom, and he finally realises that there is more to life than just fun. He accepts to work for the FBI and this proves he has now developed some maturity and a sense of responsibility. Franks relationship with Hanratty changes drastically in the play. They go from being enemies to being friends and become closer. They develop a trust between them and so the relationship changes, because Hanratty believes Frank will change, and so gives him a job and a new life. The film is a representation of what society was like in the 1960s. I dont believe it reflects what it is like now, since it is based on a true story on something which DID happen in the 1960s, and people nowadays are not as gullible or as easily impressed.

Marks & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marks & Spencer - Essay Example Britain hypermarket net Tesco is one of such leaders. This company sails one third of all foodstuffs in the country. At first glance Tesco and Marks & Spencer have similar sites intended for online shopping. But in fact there is a good deal of differences, which can be disclosed after some working with the necessary parts of these sites. Marks & Spencer sails more elegant staffs (like clothes, gifts or furniture), so it's aimed to another audience. But surely the same person can do shopping as in Tesco so in Marks & Spencer shops, but in Tesco - each day, while in Marks & Spencer once a week or rarely. Tesco set close cooperation with University College London. The scientists offered new methods of gathering, checking, collating, review, storage, access, retrieval and update of statistics information of retail sells. Fed every second by Tesco's 12 million Clubcard holders, the Crucible database could in theory generate about 12 billion pieces of data a year if each cardholder bought just 20 items a week. This information is analyzed very attentively. MIS helps managers to understand what goods are sold better together, to place them accordingly on the counters in supermarkets. Experts, who carry out such analysis for Tesco, insist that the company has one of the biggest customer databases in the world. National brand buildup took place thanks to Tesco owners and managers, who understood British customers wishes, whims and the mechanism of decision making. It became possible after using Management Information System (MIS). In fact company's managers pay much attention to analyzing the customers behavior: what, when and why do they buy and in what way is it possible to lead them to buy more. At first, hypermarket provides constant (season, holiday, single) discounts for that goods and stuffs, which customer buys oftener then others. At the end of a quarter each Clubcard holder gets voucher, equivalent to sum total, he spent in Tesco hypermarkets. Additionally they are rewarded with coupons, which allow discounts to that goods, the customers can enjoy (according to MIS results). Surely, this generated information is based on purchase data analysis. Management Information System (relevant module) defines the consumer goods basket, which can be potentially interested to a customer. During the quarter Tesco sells about 6 million letters with propositions of different discounts to loyal clients. Surely, Marks & Spencer hasn't such a model. But they needn't! Their target audience differs from Tesco's, so as their discount system. They also offers great discounts on their site and a customer can immediately watch it. Let's provide a comparative analysis between two these sites. Each side should contain company information. At Marks & Spencer website this information is represented rather widely: you can see as general information (company

American Industrialization after the Civil War Essay

American Industrialization after the Civil War - Essay Example This period marked the start of the big budgets of federal government and direct governmental liaisons with the corporate sector, especially those that expanded the railroad lines and other infrastructures. Railroads had immensely contributed in Union victory, hauling supplies and ferrying servicemen. Foner avers that the â€Å"second industrial revolution† was achieved with limited government interference in the corporate sector affairs; businesses developed through self-regulation (512). Civil War had taught the average citizens that real economic emancipation would be achieved if everyone played his or her role as required, especially in demanding moments, such as grappling with water privation and power rationing as well as taking up the arms to defend national goals. The short but often severe conflict taught Americans to not only exercise stoicism, but persevere in order to realize sound economic goals. As the country achieved better economic growth and industrialization transformed the nature of American ideology, the society achieved the growth of middle class, and a generation unique innovations within the industries. The country joined forces in the wake of strong government support, a steady supply of labor and a spirit of sacrifice and determination to achieve a mature industrialized society. Gilded Age political system The Gilded Age saw an ineffective political system that failed to effectively meet its goals, despite the fact that the period experienced remarkable economic and social transformations, which required the input of the political leadership. Although, some political figures made significant contribution during this period in an effort to tackle the challenges faced by the society, most national goals went unattended. The failure of the political leadership can be attributed to a larger proportion of the national leaders, who abandoned their call to formulate good policies for the country, maybe because they ascended to office d ue to their financial muscle, rather than ideology. The â€Å"Politics in a Gilded Age† according to Foner, saw influential businessmen control state institutions from the private sector platforms, to the chagrin of public good (523). The political parties in the Gilded Age were divided by parochial interest. The era was marked by rampant corrupt practices in the political system, a culture that presently would be classified as grand corruption, was the order of the day. Businessmen wantonly bought public officers at all levels of government. Political machinations turned democratic elections into a sham, hence denying voters rightful and deserving leaders. The slim majority between Republican and Democratic political parties made both sides unwilling to make good policies for the good of the country for fear of losing political support. In a nutshell, political accountability in the use of public funds; and few legislations passed by Congress drew the country back in terms o f socio-economic progress. The outcome was that the country made slight achievement of national goals. The Gilded Age and American Freedom According to Foner, â€Å"freedom in the Gilded Age,† was a significant aspect of the era (528). The economic growth of the Gilded Age impacted American freedom in the labor market and the running of business in the country. The period influenced the development of a liberal market, with decreased tariffs, affordable taxes, and low inflation

Nursing Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Nursing Informatics - Assignment Example advocates for healthcare reform by adopting meaningful use of certified electronic health records (EHRs) Tenet Healthcare across the nation (National Quality Forum, 2015). Through the implementation of electronic health records, Elizabeth Johnson enables nurses to analyze health data and improve the provision of quality healthcare in America at reduced costs. Elizabeth Johnson plays a major role in The TIGER initiative where she is a committee member in the powerful HIT Standards Committee (The TIGER Initiative, 2014). The committee ensured the implementation of EHRs in America by the end of last year (The TIGER Initiative, 2014). Elizabeth Johnson has immense experience in executive and professional nursing (National Quality Forum, 2015). She uses this experience in health organizations that seek to reform the U.S. healthcare. Through her contribution, healthcare organizations establish the most effective way of enacting ARRA’s HITECH legislation (National Quality Forum, 2015). Subject to her immense contributions, Elizabeth Johnson has won numerous awards and recognitions where she is one of America’s top 25 clinical informaticists and 2010 HIMSS 2010 Nursing Informatics Leadership Award winner (National Quality Forum, 2015). The TIGER Initiative. (2014). Revolutionary Leadership Driving Healthcare Innovation: The TIGER Leadership Development Collaborative Report. Retrieved from

Linguistics and Language Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and Language Essay In this essay, I will explain as well as compare two theories of first language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. I will explore the differences between them in such categories as the role of the learner, the role of the environment and as well as their strengths and weaknesses. I will then state and explain which one I find more tenable with examples of relevant literature. Role of the Learner Behaviorism, credited to B. F. Skinner in the 1950s, states that the learner knows nothing to start with, he is an empty slate [o1] to be taught. The learner is passive and learns by positive-negative reinforcement, only repeating what he hears. Innatism, credited to Noam Chomsky in 1965, states that the learner is wired from birth for language. The learner is equipped with a LAD, a language acquisition device. This device allows the learner to discover the rules of his language, any language. Role of the Environment Behaviorism states that the role of the environment is key and vital to the learning process. The environment is the active agent while the learner is the passive agent. The environment produces the necessary language input for the learner. It is up to the environment to give positive and negative reinforcement for the learner. Innatism states that the role of the environment is minimal because it only acts as the trigger for learning. It is also thought the environment is flawed and can’t be relied upon to always give perfect information. Therefore, it is up to the learner to find the rules of the language[o2] . Strengths There are a few strengths to support the behaviorism theory. It is easy to monitor the learners’ performance. This is how parents (as teachers) usually teach their children, through nurturing which puts emphasis on the role of the environment. This theory can also explain why learners have the ability to memorize. On the other hand, there are several strengths of the innatism theory. A learner cannot memorize all the possible different language and grammar combinations that he learns through the environment. The LAD helps the learner to generalize rules and make his own creative use of the language. A child will resist using an irregular form because of over-generalizing, and he will create his own form of a word according to the rules that he has internalized. And these rules don’t necessarily conform to adult grammar rules which include many exceptions. By applying these internalized and generalized rules, a child is able to acquire a language at a fast pace. [o3] Weaknesses The Behaviorism theory only accounts for the performance of the learner, and not on his competence. The learner is passive, so this theory does not focus on the learner’s mind and knowledge. It also does not explain why children acquire a language so quickly even if they are exposed to different environments. In addition, this theory also doesn’t offer an explanation of why children over-generalize rules such as the simple past tense of irregular verbs even though they hear irregular forms in the environment. There are also several weaknesses to the Innatism theory. One of the first weaknesses is that it demands the existence of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), its existence is difficult to prove and is immeasurable. This theory also doesn’t take into account different kinds of learners, just ideal learners with ideal grammar. The environment plays a minor role in this theory, so it doesn’t take into account the social aspect of the learner. My Opinion Looking at the two of these theories, I find the Innatism theory the most tenable. In my own experience with my children and students, the learners do not always model my behavior. This usually occurs with irregular patterns, particularly past tense verbs. This is similar to the â€Å"wug† test where a child will form a past tense of a verb that he has never heard before by applying the general grammar rules that he has learned. This behavior cannot be memorized and must be driven by an internal structure. Another reason to support this theory is that learners with impaired intelligence have been able to learn the structure of language. It has also been proven that American Sign Language which is taught to the deaf also has its own language structure. In addition, the creation of Creole languages supports the theory. As a Creole develops, grammar and structure are built in. The LAD would account for the formation of these languages as well as for creative uses of language by a learner. Conclusion In this essay I have explained two theories of language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. In doing so, I have explained the different roles of the learner as well as the environment. I have also explored strengths and weaknesses of each theory and why I support the innatism theory over the behaviorism theory[o4] . [o1]Good one, I forgot this in my essay [o2]Do you think you should mention poverty of stimulus here? [o3]ording? Universal grammar is built off of two propositions, that all languages are governed by a set of universal principles, and that the mind is equipped with parameters which are set intuitively by the child according to the language input they receive. UG researchers have found a number of universal principles. One of the more prominent principles is structure dependency. Structure dependency states that all sentences regardless of the language are built off of propositions that carry both a noun and a verb phrase; in other words, every sentence in every language must have at least a subject and a verb (Chomsky, 1959). One parameter setting that is contained in the LAD is the head setting. Some languages such as English are head first, other languages such as Japanese are head last. Various arguments have been used to support the existence of universal grammar. Chomsky (1959) has proposed the poverty of the stimulus argument, positing that the input children receive cannot account for what they produce, and therefore, children must have an innate facility. He argues that the input is marred in two ways; first it contains a hodgepodge of performance slips, and secondly, it does not contain any negative evidence. How do children acquire language when they don’t know what they can’t say, or how do they learn to speak correctly when the input they here is at times in correct? They do so, according to Chomsky, through this innate capacity. Jackendoff (1994) offers another argument in support of universal grammar, the argument from expressive variety. Jackendoff argues that given that languages are recursive, there is simply no way of storing all of the possible sentences one can create in one’s mind. In other words, sentences don’t come from habits, but rather from creative expression. Universal grammar has had a lot of capital in language acquisition theory, although it has been critiqued on some fronts. Connectionists, particularly, N. Ellis (2006) has argued that language acquisition is not due to an innate faculty and the creative expression of humans, but equates it to a usage-based approach where children learning piecemeal frequently reoccurring chunks of language. Another argument against the innate language faculty is that UG researchers have claimed that only humans have access to syntax, yet this has been found not to be true. Certain animals, such as the humpback whale and songbirds have been found to possess a recursive syntax, suggesting that syntax and language may have evolved from lower order primates. Whereas universal grammar begins with language from the inside, Sociocultural theory, another prominent first language acquisition, posits language acquisition begins from the outside. Vygotsky, the founder of sociocultural theory, argues that language is a psychological tool, which children acquire and learn to manipulate as they interact with their environment and with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978). Children first learn language as they interact with their parents. Parents use caretaker speech, which makes it easier for the child to understand and grasp a hold on the concepts of the language. As the child begins to understand and produce simple utterances, they are able to use the language to mediate their psychological functioning (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky argues that children begin learning language by first learning single words, which are pure meaning. As they develop their language skills, and engage in social speech, single word sentences are augmented through incorporation of non-meaningful elements, such as function  words, and the child’s thoughts and words begin to develop more sense meanings. For instance, where the word ‘cat’ for the 1 or two year old child could have served as an exemplar for all cats, by the time the child is nine, and having undergone a variety of experiences related to cat, they have imbibed the word with their own unique s enses. Thus syntax and word senses expand, the more a child learns. Now, whereas social speech began from one and developed into many, inner speech, the speech that goes on inside of our heads becomes more and more truncated. Vygotsky argues, contrary to Piaget, that egocentric speech does not ‘disappear’ rather it becomes internalized as inner speech. And this inner speech is something that could not be understood by anybody but the person who is thinking it. Vygotsky suggests that just as people who have known each other for many years, and who have had a large amount of experiences together exhibit language tendencies of shortened syntax because of their historical shared experience, a person’s inner speech also exhibits this characteristic, but even more so; the stuff of thought is nothing but psychological predicates (Vygotsky, 1978). One of the primary ways humans learn anything, according to Vygotsky, is through the zone of proximal development. This concept explains that what a person can do today with assistance, they can do tomorrow by themselves (Vygotsky, 1978). Applied to first language acquisition, the child may receive help from an expert, such as their parents, who point at objects and say their name, for example, cat. After seeing this, the child may repeat ‘cat’ immediately after. The next day, as the child sees the cat, it says the word ‘cat’ without needing to be told by their parents. Chomsky maintains that languages consist of an infinite number of sentences and cannot be learned through habit formation. Language is too complex to be learned in such a short amount of time (Chomsky, 1959). He believes that every human is born with an innate language learning capacity, which is embedded in the language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky believes that all language share grammatical structures. This is called universal grammar (UG). Proof of UG includes poverty of stimulus, which explains how children acquire the language despite their limited exposure and incorrect input they may receive. Another evidence for UG that languages are recursive, (Jackendoff, 1994). It is impossible to know all the possible combinations; however, they are learned by children. According to UG, there must be some sort of innate capacity that provides the additional information. The fact that children are resistant to correction once again proves that language is developed through an innate capacity. According to Chomsky (1959), all languages share principles, which are invariable across languages. For example, noun phrases and verb phrases. This is called structure dependency. All languages have verbs and nouns. What distinguishes languages from each other according to Chomsky, are parameters, which are language specific. For example, some languages are head first, and some are head last. In relation to UG, Eric Lenneberg (1967) introduced the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), which is a window of language learning opportunity before puberty. Proponents of CPH believe after this period, language learning becomes a much more difficult task and adults tend to rely on other mechanisms such as problem solving skills, reasoning, and deductive instruction to learn a language. Evidence of the CP is for example abused children, who despite being removed from the environment where they were deprived of social contact, were not able to learn the language. There have been many criticisms to Chomsky’s UG, for example, the LAD cannot be located and is immeasurable. Also, Chomsky’s theories overlook the effects of social contact and the environment on language learning. Social interactionist Vygotsky (1978) was a strong proponent of the social interaction hypothesis. He believed that learning takes place through social interaction, and give and take of information with caregivers, parents, or peers. According to Vygotsky, children begin with external speech, which could consist of one word only, but have the meaning of a whole sentence. Gradually, as the child grows older, he develops more complex and longer sentences and associates more meaning with his words. A child also engages in private speech (similar to adults), which is usually meant for problem solving or thinking out loud, but is not meant for sharing although articulated. Vygotsky believes that as the child develops more linguistic skills, this private speech becomes internalized and turns into inner speech, which is pure meaning, and does not consist of subjects; it is predicated. In direct opposition to the environment being the active participant in language learning, Chomsky flips behaviorism on its head and presents the learner as having a primary role while environment becomes secondary. Within the Universal Grammar Theory (UG), Noam Chomsky (1959) presents a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that is responsible for the language learning process. Purely biological, language is filtered through the innate LAD that is structured with principles that are unchanging and parameters that vary according to the language being learned. Proofs to support this theory are many. Syntax and the head-first/head-last parameter are two such proofs. As a child learns language, they hold to one of only two possibilities in any given language – head-first and head-last – and language is formed through recursion and syntactic movement that follow a pattern within a particular language. This shows that language is rule-governed and that the LAD is programmed with language foundations from which a child can develop. That children are resistant to correction follows this same thought as they develop language through the LAD. Language is not linked to intelligence as we see in brain damaged adults who are completely coherent in language skills and others who are cognitively normal but cannot speak correctly. Stroke victims also show that, depending on the area of the brain that is affected, intelligence and speech are not linked. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasias show that certain areas of the brain affec t speech while intelligence remains unaffected. As evidenced by the Gopnik family, genetic impairments have also proven that a glitch in the UG can be passed down from one generation to another, thus proving that the LAD is indeed biological (Jackendoff, 113). Eric Lenneberg’s Critical Period Hypothesis (1967) and the cases of â€Å"wild children† are yet further evidence. Lenneberg holds that the LAD becomes dormant or ineffective after a certain age – around the age of 12 – and this is why children acquire language so much more quickly than adults who are attempting the same. Through these studies of particular children who did not learn language and who were void of contact with language as a whole, it shows that the younger the child, the more fully they were able to learn language. Once a child was passed the age of 12 or so, they were unable to acquire proper language skills. The younger children were not only able to learn more adequately but then went on to continue in the language learning process as a normal adult would. As many proofs as there are for Chomsky’s UG and the LAD, criticisms are plentiful as well. First and foremost, where is the evidence that a device like LAD exists? It certainly has not been located in the brain, therefore, it remains immeasurable and some have serious doubt as to its legitimacy. This theory also limits the role of the environment and gives no account for the social context of the language learning process. It idealizes the speaker and the grammar itself to a certain degree and packages the entire process a bit too neatly. Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piaget’s (1955) work in cognitive development is foundational on many levels. Watching his own children, nature, and certain study groups of young children, Piaget introduces a theory that is completely developmental. As a child is ready and developed (both biologically and cognitively), they are able to assimilate, accommodate and adapt new experiences. Underlying in this theory is reasoning and logic. The role of the environment is minimal and the learner is vital but only as they are cognitively developed and ready for new experiences. A child will not learn what they are not cognitively developed to receive at that point no matter what the instruction. Piaget holds to the notion of children developing schema. As a new experience is received and they are biologically and cognitively ready to receive it, they will develop new schema to fit into the framework of schema that they already have developed. This theory also relies heavily on egocentric and socialized speech with each one serving a different function. Egocentric speech is what is used (mainly by children) when words and thoughts are spoken out loud but the one speaking is only dealing with their own thoughts and ideas. Socialized speech is a shift away from egocentric speech where one simply derives pleasure from speaking to being a way of exchanging their ideas or opinions. Although Piaget’s work and theory is critical, it neither accounts for the child’s behavior as a whole nor for the cognitive development after the stage of ‘formal operation’ is reached. It offers vast insight into the developmental process of a child but little instruction on attaining language skills. It was also based solely on a Western model and is therefore quite limiting. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Input Output Hypotheses As a result of older models of language teaching where attention was given to language grammar, Krashen (1981) places his focus on communication input. He contends that if the learner is given a chance to absorb the language, they will be better equipped to acquire it. Rather than forcing output immediately, Krashen holds to a silent period where learners have the privilege of just listening to language before attempting it†¦much like a young child would in learning their mother tongue. Comprehensible input (i + 1) is the formula that Krashen holds to for optimal language learning for second language learners (SLLs). This states that if a SLL is offered input that is only slightly beyond what they already know, acquisition will take place. He also makes a differentiation between language learning and language acquisition, claiming that acquisition is what is needed for the language learning process. Criticisms of Krashen’s hypothesis are that input alone cannot account for acquisition and that some grammatical forms cannot be learned without being taught. Swain (1985) introduces her Output Hypothesis in contrast to Krashen and claims that no matter the input, if the output is unintelligible, acquisition has not truly occurred. It is the output that forces learners to grapple with the grammatical processing and figure out what works. Through output, a learner can realize their problem areas, can experiment with new areas they are unsure of, and gives them the chance to analyze problems they are having in their language learning process.