Aggression in Sport essay

Introduction: Aggression in sport has always been a major issue. Whether it be insults thrown around a school yard playground during a game of football. To hateful attacks on other players, be it physical or verbal, in the premier division of any sport. It can be a problem for the individual who is acting aggressive, such as a disciplinary action or the recipient of the aggression, for example they could suffer injury as result.This can have a larger effect. Sporting teams can lose key players due to injury, because of an aggressive action or to disciplinary action, such as an athlete being sidelined for a number of weeks because of their aggressive behaviour. This can also cause problems for the sport’s governing body as a whole, and for these reasons, action must be taken to reduce athlete aggression in sport.Even the International Society of Sport Psychology recently recognized that sport aggression has become a social problem both on and off the playing field and has recom mended ways to curtail this behaviour (Tenenbaum, Stewart, Singer, & Duda, 1997) In this information sheet I will describe the different forms of aggression and how it can be dealt with. Definitions Of aggression: A forceful behaviour, action, or attitude that is expressed physically, verbally, or symbolically. It may arise from innate drives or occur as a defence mechanism, often resulting from a threatened ego.It is manifested by either constructive or destructive acts directed toward oneself or against others. (Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.  © 2009, Elsevier) ‘Aggression is any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal Means. ’ (Bull, 1990) ‘Aggression is any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. ’ (Baron, 1994) ‘Aggression is an intentional physically or psychologically harmful behaviour that is directed at anot her living organism. (Thirer, 1993) Sporting definition of aggression: Used by the athlete to channel their will to win at all odds and determination to sacrifice their own or their opponents, bodies in the cause of victory. Gills criteria for aggressive behaviour: Are 4 main factors which describe aggressive behaviour which were identified by Gill in 1980; there are as follows: * It is a form of behaviour: aggression can be either physical or verbal. * It involves causing harm or injury: Aggression is designed to cause either psychological or physiological harm. The injury or harm is directed towards another human being: Aggression is directed towards either another human or animal. * Aggression is always done with purpose: If a seemingly aggressive act is genially done by accident it cannot be classed as aggression. Types of aggressive behaviour: Aggression cannot always be characterized as the same. A defender in football can perform aggressive tackles without breaking the rules of the game, and not all athletes have the same motive and expected outcome for their aggression. There are three main times of aggression which can characterize an athlete’s sporting performance.Hostile aggression: The prime motive of hostile aggression is to harm an opponent, where the chief aim of the aggressor is to inflict injury. Hostile aggression the desired outcome of the aggressor is to harm another player, for personal reasons. For example if in hockey a player can go in for a very aggressive challenge, but if his aim is to get the ball then it is not hostile aggression. If the player goes in for an aggressive challenge where his aim is to not only get the ball but to harm the player then it is hostile aggression. The act of aggression usually stems from an incident which occurred earlier in the game.Take the hockey example again, Say the aggressor had the ball and was dribbling it towards the goal and another player, who is already on a green car, trips him with h is stick in the circle, and the umpire doesn’t give a foul or a penalty. The player may feel that justice may not have been done; the other player should have been given a yellow card and sent off for 5 minutes, and his team should have been awarded a penalty. Therefore the player may wish to take the law into his own hands. Say the same player who committed the fowl has the ball.The aggressor, still angry from the earlier incident, may go in for a aggressive tackle with the purpose of causing the player intentional harm. For example he could lift his elbow to hit the player in the face. This can have two outcomes; the player may get hurt, making the aggressor feel like justice has been done. However, the umpire can call the player up on this and depending on the severity award him a green, yellow or red card. This cause the player to believe justice still has not been done, as he has been punished for a similar fowl that the other player got away with.This may cause further anger the player and may lead him to cause more aggressive incidents. B-tec national sport and exercise sciences, Mark Adams, Heinemann, 2007 Beckham’s red card. http://www. worldcupblog. org/world-cup-moments/world-cup-moments-david-beckhams-red-card-vs-argentina-in-1998. html Aggressive actions violate the rules of any game and such indiscretions are dysfunctional in the context of sport. Often an aggressive player will disrupt the team’s performance and spoil the cohesion of the group. A high profile example of this was David Beckham’s sending of in England vs.Argentina in the 1998 world cup in France. On the 30th of June 1998, The English national football team were playing Argentina in the quarter finals of the world cup. David Beckham made himself a hero in the previous game, scouring a spectacular free kick winner against Columbia. Almost strait after kickoff Diego Simeone was â€Å"tripped† in the penalty box and a controversial penalty was given which Gabriel Batistuta netted to make it 1-0. After the half time break the score was level at 2-2. Diego Simeone made a deliberately clumsy challenge on David Beckham, brining him to the floor.Though many thought Simeone should be sent off for such a blatantly harmful challenge, The referee, Kim Milton Nielson awarded Simeone a yellow card. Possibly feeling angered over the arguable â€Å"Dive† in the penalty box, and then the rough challenge with Simeone only being given a yellow card, Beckham took the law into his own hands. He gently kicked Simeone on the calf. Though Simeone went down rather theatrically to such a weak kick, Beckham had still broken the laws of the game and was sent off. This had a negative effect on the team.With out Beckham to put together passes in the midfield, England had trouble getting the ball up the field. When the game went to penalties and Beckham wasn’t avalibul to take one (he had a reputation for scouring penalty kicks) England lost . http://sports. jrank. org/pages/351/Beckham-David-1998-World-Cup-Fiasco. html This is an interesting case as there were many factors which caused his aggression. There was a lot of pressure on him and his ego would have been on a high after his fantastic performance against Columbia. He didn’t perform particularly well throughout the game which would have caused him to become frustrated.Dollard et al (1939) said in his Frustration – aggression Theory â€Å"that aggression is always caused by some form of frustration† and â€Å"that people are motivated to reach goals, but if these goals are blocked then frustration occurs. † Therefore, his frustration may have leaded him to act aggressively. Also the Disputed dive by someone in the first half may also have increased his frustration. Berkowitz (1965) proposed in his revised frustration-aggression theory that any negative thoughts, not just frustration, can bring on aggressive behaviour, one of those nega tive thoughts being threat.When Simeone brought Beckham down with his rough tackle from behind, would have felt threatened. He hadn’t been playing as well as what was expected of him and was then brought down in an embarrassing challenge. Beckham may have felt that the yellow card wasn’t enough and decided to take out his aggression with the purposeful kick to the calf. This would have fulfilled his own sense of justice, however, the kick was seen and the red card was awarded. This was defiantly hostile aggression His sending of affected the team badly and contributed to the eventual defeat. ttp://www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2/A47629317 Threats to self-esteem may lead people to act aggressively without thinking about the consequences. Hostile aggression can involve immediate reactions in blind fury, or carefully planned and deliberate acts. The Beckham incident was a blind fury reaction where the previous hockey scenario was planned. http://www. psypress. co. uk/smithandma ckie/resources/topic. asp? topic=ch13-tp-02 #What Triggers Aggression Instrumental aggression: El-hadji Diouf (centre) after shove on mark Schwarzer (floor) http://www. dailytelegraph. om. au/sport/soccer/schwarzer-caught-in-the-crossfire/story-e6frey4r-1225926429183 Instrumental aggression is when somebody displays aggressive behaviour, in pursuit of a non-aggressive goal. Where an athlete acts in an aggressive way, not to harm the recipient as in hostile aggression, but so they can achieve a goal such as winning an athletic competition. Instrumental aggression is not the result of anger and seeking revenge. It is an aggression type that mainly serves one's own interest in an individual sport or the interests of the team in team sports.A real life example occurred on the Saturday, 18 September 2010 in a football match between Blackburn rovers and Fulham F. C. The Blackburn goal keeper Paul Robinson sent forward a long free-kick which Fulham keeper mark Schwarzer came to collect. Ho wever winger, El-hadji Diouf, intentionally ran into Schwarzer, knocking him to the ground. This allowed Blackburn striker Chris samba to easily head the ball into the empty net. This is a perfect example of instrumental aggression. Diouf made an aggressive attack on schwarzer, not with the aim of harming him, but so samba could score, giving Blackburn the lead. ttp://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/9000608. stm Luis Suarez’s handball. http://www. thisislondon. co. uk/standard-sport/worldcup/article-23852532-full-of-praise-for-luis-suarezs-handywork. do Apter (1993) has pointed out there are often a set of unofficial rules, as well as the official rules, governing what aggressive behaviours are acceptable. For example there have been many occasions in football where a player has been on a clean run to goal, only to be illegally pulled back or tackled by another player.This is instrumental aggression as there is a non- aggressive goal, It against the rules of the game and punishable with a red card, but is considered normal. A high profile example would be the case of Luis suarez in the 2010 world cup. On Friday the 2nd of July 2010, The Uruguay national football team were playing Ghana in a world cup quarter final match. The game went in the second half of extra time Ghana took a corner which Adeyah headed towards goal. Luis Suarez a out field player then extended his arm and blocked the ball with his hand.Ghana were awarded a penalty and Suarez a red card and a sending off. However when Ghana’s Asamoah Gyan missed the penalty and Uruguay won the game Suarez was hailed as a hero by most South American football fans. After the game Suarez said â€Å"†There was no alternative but for me to do that and when they missed the penalty I thought ‘It is a miracle and we are alive in the tournament',†. Fans throughout Africa however, despised Suarez for this. This example can be used to support Apter’s claim. Though against the rules fans all over South America believed Suarez’s actions were acceptable.He knew the risks and was punished, but still this act of instrumental aggression cause Uruguay to progress. This is has come to be known as sanctioned aggression, that is instrumental aggression where that whilst not within the official rules is still accepted as normal, even though it would be punished. Husman and Silva (1984) however, argued that sanctioned act of aggression have been mislabelled as aggressive and should be called assertive. As there is no real intent to harm an opposing player. http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8785140. tm An example of unsanctioned aggression would be in the World Cup semi-final of 1982 between France and West Germany. Patrick Battiston was chasing a bouncing through ball as Germany keeper, Harold Schumacher came charging out of his goal. Battiston reached the ball first but Schumacher leapt up and smashed into him, knocking h im unconscious. He eventually recovered but he lost several teeth and at one point fell into a coma. This is unsanctioned aggression. Though Schumacher’s aim was to prevent a goal and not to hurt Battiston, the challenge was acknowledged as extremely dangerous and thus unsanctionedHostile aggression Vs Instrumental aggression A case where it becomes difficult to identify the difference between Hostile and instrumental aggression is in the case of combat sports, as the whole aim of the sport is to cause some degree of harm. In boxing one may become frustrated and aggressively hit the opposing boxer harder and eventually knock him out. This is instrumental aggression as you have to harm your opponent in some way to win, but this is often done with the view of winning, not causing your opponent harm.The boxer may throw a few â€Å"rabbit† punches ( a hit to the back of the head) or hit with his elbow. This would be sanctioned instrumental aggression. A minor breach of the rules stemming from the boxers desire to win. Unsanctioned instrumental aggression can be hard to differentiate from hostile aggression in this scenario. However I believe it is possible take these two examples: Two boxers are in round 9 of a match and one of them can’t seem to wear his opponent down. He is losing on points and needs to harm the other boxer.When the two next lock arms and he believes he is out of the view of the referee he quickly hits the other boxer in the groin with his knee. This is unsanctioned instrumental aggression. The boxers aim was to harm the other boxer, but only so he could win. A blow to the groin can cause shortness of breath and intense pain. A groin hit, unlike rabbit punches is a serious fowl, and can result in instant disqualification. Mike Tyson Vs Evander Holyfeild http://www. 411mania. com/boxing/columns/132418 A famous hostile aggressive act occurred in June 28, 1997, in a boxing match between mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield.In the p revious Tyson-Holyfield fight, seven months earlier, Holyfield, who opened as a 25-to-1 underdog), floored Tyson for the second time in Tyson's career in the sixth round, and scored a TKO over Tyson in round 11. Holyfield dominated Tyson throughout the fight, winning almost every round. Baumeister (1996) specified a model in which egotism, in response to ego threat, leads to aggression. Mike Tysons first loss to Holyfield was only the second in his career and first loss in 7 years. This leads me to believe Tysons ego was inflated and then threatened after the first loss.This would have caused genuine feelings of hate for Holyfield. Holyfield won the first two rounds of the fight which must have further frustrated Tyson. Then 00:40 minutes to the end of the first round Tyson caught Holyfield in a clinch and bit off a piece of Holyfield’s ear and spat it on the ring floor, he then pushed Holyfield as he walked back to his corner. The fight resumed with a two point deduction fro m Tyson. In his rage he bit Holyfield again on the opposite ear. The referee disqualified Tyson.In reaction Tyson went on rampage at Holyfield and Holyfield's trainer Brooks while they were still in their corner. Tyson took swings at the people in his way, but was taken back to his corner by security. This is hostile aggression at its worse. Tyson bit Holyfield’s ears to cause genuine harm stemming from his frustration and threatened ego. The post-match rampage was another example of hostile aggression as the only thought in Tysons head must have been to cause harm. Smith (1983) argued, however, that all aggressive acts in sport are instrumental and carried out with some end in mind.Smith, therefore, concludes that the distinction between instrumental and hostile aggression is not a useful and it is difficult to separate empirically where a particular aggressive act may have a variety of different outcomes. Therefore, both aggressive acts are the same. In contrast to smiths a rgument Husman and Silva (1984), and Martens (1975) argue that although both hostile and instrumental aggression include intent to injure, the relatively common incidents of angry retaliation which occur as the result of provocation in team contact sports can be seen as hostile aggression.The so called professional foul which occurs especially in soccer where a player is tackled and usually brought down to prevent him from scoring can be seen as an ac of instrumental aggression. Rethinking aggression and violence in sport, John H Kerr, Routledge, 2005 Assertion: Aggression http://blog. incomeaccess. com/6322/2010/07/12/world-cup-fallout-dutch-captain-retiresas-does-paul-the-psychic-octopus/ggression Assertion is the third main type of aggression, however, Assertive behaviour does not attempt to harm and is strictly within the rules and spirit of the game.Assertive behaviour shows when an athlete becomes more energetic, robust and forcefully with every movement they make. They may al so raise their voice and speak in a more forceful manor to team mates and opposition, but the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression is that there is no intention to harm your opponent and break the rules. Bredemeier (1994) and Silva (1978) said â€Å"Assertiveness is distinct from aggressiveness in that it is the nonhostile, noncoercive tendency to behave with intense and energetic behaviour to accomplish one's goal†. Assertion was described y Parens (1987) as nonhostile self-protective mastery behaviour. A prime example of an assertive athlete is English footballer Rio Ferdinand. Rio has a low red card and yellow card count, yet is still known for his tough tackling defensive style. He is also very vocal on the pitch, he is known for barking orders to his defensive team mates and often voicing his opinion on referee decisions. Despite this he has a low red and yellow card count because he doesn’t break any rules. A sliding tackle for example is illega l if you don’t get the ball first and instead get the opposing player.The opposing player may get hurt, but as long as the player got the ball first and the defender had no intention what-so-ever to harm the other player it cannot be classed as aggression. If the defender performed an illegal two-footed challenge and hit the opposing player’s leg, it is aggression. Psychology and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, 2001 Assertion http://www. bbc. co. uk/french/highlights/story/2008/05/080521_champsleague_pix. shtml Another example of assertion would be in Boxing. During a match a boxer will try to physically harm another boxer through jabs and other punching techniques.This however, is required in the sport and is therefore assertion rather than aggression. If however, said boxer hit his opponent with his elbow after failing to land a punch, or occasionally throwing a rabbit punch to gain an advantage it becomes instrumental aggression. Bakker et al (1990) found that aggr ession increased when a team is losing, particularly in a game of great importance. The Beckham- Simone incident discussed earlier in this report is an example of this. It was the world cup quarter-final and tensions were high. Another example is that of the 2010 world cup final between the eventual winners Spain and Holland.Though they were not losing, Holland were unable to make significant breaks. Spain had 57% of the possession and there fast passing strategy caused problems for the defence. Holland played aggressively and committed 28 fouls, receiving 8 yellow cards and 1 second yellow; meaning a red card was given to John Hetitinga. Arjen Robben showed significant signs of aggression, throwing the match ball away from play when a offside went against him. He had previously had 2 clean runs, but the Spanish keeper Iker Casillas, which must have frustrated him. This compared to Holland’s last 16 games against the lesserSlovakia when only 2 yellow cards were awarded, suppo rt Bakker’s argument. http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/default. stm Causes of Aggression Before we discuss means of preventing aggression in sport it is important we understand how and why an athlete may become aggressive in the first place. A number of theories are still in competition as to why we are aggressive; however, I am going to concentrate on three of the most popular theories; the instinct theory, Frustration Aggression theory, and the social learning theory.Instinct theory An instinct is an innate tendency to behave in a certain way. Basically this theory suggests that we as the human race are aggressive in sporting environments because it is in are genetic makeup, and therefore inevitable. Sigmund Freud (1919) was responsible for much of the psychoanalytical work of the instinct theory. Freud proposed that we are motivated towards two opposing instincts the life drive (Eros) and the death Drive (Thanatos). Freud believe people are motiva ted towards self- destruction through the death instinct.Therefore, Eros and Thanatos are always in conflict and to resolve the conflict the aggression must be turned outwards, towards other. However, Freud also proposed that although aggression is always with us, we maintain the ability to exert some control over it. Thus it is not always inevitable. Richards (1994) looked at sport as a healthy way to release our death instinct. He studied the importance we attach to kicking in our aggressive tendencies and applied this to sports like football and rugby and termed them civilising influences.Sport Psychology: a students handbook, Matt Jarvis, Routledge, 2006 A similar take on the instinct theory is that of ethology. Konrad Lorenz (1966) was responsible for much of the work on the ethological approach to this theory. Lorenz proposed that the human race have evolved to have a fighting instinct which is trigger by certain environmental stimuli. Lorenz believed that accumulated aggressi ve energy and the presents of aggression-releasing environmental stimuli would lead to a display of aggression, such as in a sporting environment. Advanced Studies in PhysicalEducation and sport, by Paul Beashel and John Taylor, Nelsons and sons ltd, 1996 Both Freud and Lorenz’s theorys support the idea of catharsis, the release of aggressive energies through aggression. So how does this relate to sport, for example imagine a linebacker in American football player who has had a rather frustrating game. He has thus far been truly able to get involved for a number of games. However he has been able to maintain his frustration and not lash out in a hostile way. Suddenly a player on the opposite side breaks through and is running to scour a touchdown.The line backer gives chase and takes him down with a legal tackle. This cathartis through assertiveness. Play like this supports Richards’s belief of sport being a healthy way to release aggression. Many have refuted the idea that sport enables aggressive catharsis, one such research case being Zillman, Day and Johnson (1974). They compared the aggressive tendencies of athletes competing in aggressive sports athletes competing in non-aggressive sports and non athletes. The study found there was no difference between the three groups, which contradict the aggression-cathartis theory.In accordance with this theory those participating in aggressive sports would be expected to be less aggressive as they had the opportunity to release there aggression through sport. However I do not believe this argument is broad enough to disprove this theory. Why, in an aggressive sport, while you may have more opportunity to release your aggression through catharsis, so does your opponent. If one team is being constantly bested by the other instead of becoming less aggressive they will become more aggressive. This argument is supported by Dollards the Frustration- Aggression theory (1939) which I will discuss later.Psycho logy and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, 2001 Whether aggression is innate or learned remains an ongoing argument in psychology. The Instincts involved in these theorys are difficult to identify and thus forth difficult to test. The main problem is that is aggression was instinctive and not learnt then every being on earth would display the same aggressiveness. Instinct theories only concentrate on aggression being innate and don’t take into account important environmental factors. Lore and Schultz (1993) have pointed out that all vertebrates show aggression, therefore; it must be a survival trait, in accordance with Lorenz’s argument.However Baron ; Richardson (1992) have said that cross-cultural studies have found wide variation in human aggression. Smaller rural cultures such as the arapesh of new guinea have shown very little aggression in contrast to European and American standards, which suggests Morden life increases aggression, which is a environmental factor. There is lack of direct evidence to disprove this theory though it is obvious that different people have different levels of aggression, and if aggression is an instinct we all share then are aggressiveness would be the same.Fustration-Aggresion Theory These theories, closely linked to instinct theorys due to aggression being innate, propose that although we all have an innate aggressive drive, aggressive behaviour is elicited by frustration. Anderson ; Dill, (1995) describe frustration as an interference blocking someone from obtaining a goal; aggression is a behavior in response to frustration, intended to harm the person blocking the goal. The main belief behind these theorys is that an aggressive act stems from an aggressive drive, drive being a state of inner tension.The First of these theories was the drive reduction theory put forward by Dollard el al (1939). This stated that frustration is caused by an inability to obtain a goal. The frustration triggers an aggressive drive which leads to aggressive acts. Dollard put forward a particular model which showed his hypothesis: Above is Dollard et als frustration-aggression model (1939). It shows how a blockade to an athletes causes frustration which leads to aggression. Then the athlete can deal with his anger successfully within the rules of a the game; Cathartis.For example a rugby player who has been tackled a number of times whilst trying to score a try, not all of those tackles legal, uses his aggression to legally barge his way past some backs and outruns the fullback to score a try. According to Dollards model this would cut out the obstacle (the backs) causing to frustration and aggression to subside. However the aggression could be released unsuccessfully. This would mean that the player would break the rules of the game and act overly aggressive, leading to punishment. This causes the cycle to continue.The punishment would cause the player to become even more frustrated which again would lead to further aggression. Then, again they can release it unsuccessfully causing the cycle to continue or release it successfully, breaking the cycle. For example say the rugby player from above didn’t make the try. He became more and more frustrated at the outside centre who continuously tackles him. Ones he breaks through the defensive line again the outside centre charges him. His frustration leads to aggression and he gives the outside centre an elbow as he passes.The referee may see this and give the player a yellow card, causing the player to spend time in the sin bin. This will lead to further frustration. When the player returns the further built up frustration may cause him to commit another foul and be shown a red card, removing him for the rest of the game. This frustration could possibly carry over until the next game, and if that doesn’t go well then the game after that to. This can cause this player to go through a term of â€Å"Bad Form† which is a comm on occurrence in many athletes.Psychology and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, 2001 Many sports psychologists have agreed with Dollards original modle. Anderson ; Dill (1995) also stated that â€Å"all acts of aggression are the result of previous frustration and all frustration leads to aggression†. Berkowitz (1989),however, reformulated the frustration – aggression hypothesis, proposing that frustration results from an inability to obtain a goal, creating a readiness for aggression or anger. This anger may lead to aggression if there is an aggressive â€Å"cues† are present. This may be a person, object or situation related to the frustrating event.Though Berkowitz also states that an aggressive Cue doesn’t always have to be present to release aggression, though they make it more likely. Also in this argument frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression. A classic example of an aggressive cue is a football fan. Say a football fan is watching his supported team at home and they lose 3-0 to Wolverhampton wanderers. He is frustrated at the teams loss though doesn’t show aggression. Later in the week he is playing a Sunday morning football game with his team and there opponents have a dark yellow kit, a kit similar to wolves.This may trigger his aggression at his football team’s loss, leading to him acting aggressive in the coming game. Applying sport psychology: 4 perspectives, Jim Taylor ; Gregory Scott-Wilson, Human Kinetics, 2005 Dollards original theory has been criticized for being over simplistic, stating that a blocked goal will always lead to frustration and frustration to aggression. Bandura (1973) criticized Dollard and his Yale associates formulation as a drive theory, holding that frustration typically only creates a general emotional arousal.Zillman (1979) was also dubious and attained that demonstrations of aggression as a response to frustration were attributed to personal attack or the instrument al value of aggressive reactions. Zillman contended that â€Å"the blockage of a goal in of itself will not induce hostility or aggression. In contrast Baron (1977) was far more favourably disposed, but maintained that frustration is far less common or important as an ascendant of aggression. Baron suggested that â€Å"barriers to goal attainment would only invoke a aggressive reaction, if they were unexpected†. ttp://www. radford. edu/~jaspelme/_private/gradsoc_articles/aggression/frustration%20aggression. pdf The Frustration-aggression hypothesis validity has been greatly increased with berkowitz amendments. One of the theorys biggest criticisms was that frustration would not always lead to aggression and that aggression is possible without frustration. Berkowitz changed the hypothesis to state that frustration is a contributing factor to aggression, but another factor could set it off, or it could simply subside, which answered to that particular argument.However Berkowit z still does not address other factors which could lead to aggression. Some psychologists have argued that we need to understand the meaning of aggressive acts for the individual carrying them out. These theorists often see aggression as a calculated, utility maximising act exacted so as to gain calculated benefits. These theories may perhaps help to explain the wide variety of motivational influences that can lead to aggression. Social learning theory Another approach to human aggression comes in the form of the social learning

Blown to Bits Essay

Technology has rapidly advanced, affecting standards on privacy, telecommunications, and criminal law. Every day, we encounter unexpected consequences of data flows that could not have happened a few years ago. Due to the bits explosion, the world changed very suddenly. Almost everything is stored in a computer somewhere. Court records, grocery purchases, precious family photos, radio programs†¦ It is all being reduced to zeroes and ones – â€Å"bits.† The bits are stashed on disks of home computers and in the data centers of big corporations and government agencies. The disks can hold so many bits that there is no need to pick and choose what gets remembered. So much disk storage is being produced every year that it could be used to record a page of information, every minute or two, about you and every other human being on earth. Once something is on a computer, it can replicate and move around the world in a heartbeat. Making a million perfect copies takes but an instant – copy of things we want everyone in the world to see, and also copies of things that weren’t meant to be copied at all. Due to instantaneous transfers, some data leak. Credit card records are supposed to stay locked up in a data warehouse, but escape into the hands of identity thieves. And we sometimes give information away just because we get something back for doing so. A company will give you free phone calls to anywhere in the world—if you don’t mind watching ads for the products its computers hear you talking about. The book presents 7 ‘koans’ or principles regarding the bits and the effect of it on humanity. Koan 1: Even though your computer seems to present pictures, texts, songs, and videos, they are all composed of bits. Everything that’s digital are ruled by bits. Even as we speak, bits are flying through the airwaves by our phones. Koan 2: Every copy made by a computer is perfect. The era of books  being handwritten oftentimes resulting to mistakes, has now been closed by digital explosion. And even though these machines do fail as long as the bits have been communicated, the probability of error of the bits is so slim. Koan 3: Vast as world-wide data storage is today, five years from now it will be ten times as large. Yet the information explosion means, paradoxically, the loss of information that is not online. Outdated software and information not stored in the computer are usually assumed as inexistent. Koan 4: The speed of a computer is usually measured by the number of basic operations, such as additions, that can be performed in one second. The fastest computers available in the early 1940s could perform about five operations per second. The fastest today can perform about a trillion. Koan 5: Exponential growth is actually smooth and steady; it just takes very little time to pass from unnoticeable change to highly visible. In the rapidly changing world of bits, it pays to notice even small changes, and to do something about them. Koan 6: Data stored will all be kept forever, unless there are policies to get rid of it. The Internet consists of millions of interconnected computers; once data gets out, there is no getting it back. Victims of identity theft experience daily the distress of having to remove misinformation from the record. It seems never to go away. Koan 7: In the bits world, in which messages flow instantaneously, it sometimes seems that distance doesn’t matter at all. The instantaneous communication of massive amounts of information has created the misimpression that there is a place called â€Å"Cyberspace,† a land without frontiers where all the world’s people can be interconnected as though they were residents of the same small town. The book introduces two basic morals. The first is that information technology is inherently neither good nor bad—it can be used for good or ill, to free us or to shackle us. Second, new technology brings social change, and change comes with both risks and opportunities. Any technology can be used for good or ill. Nuclear reactions create electric power and weapons of mass destruction. The same encryption technology that makes it possible for you to email your friends with confidence that no eavesdropper will be able to decipher your message also makes it possible for terrorists to plan their attacks undiscovered. The key to managing the ethical and moral consequences of technology while nourishing economic growth is to regulate the use of technology without  banning or restricting its creation.

REFLECTIVE COMMENTRY- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

REFLECTIVE COMMENTRY- - Essay Example According to him, while traveling through the predominantly Asian locality to cover for his Asian colleague, he was threatened by one of the Asian males standing on the pavement along with two others shouted â€Å"You White Bastard! Come over here and we’ll give you a good kicking†. Fearing immediate violence, the mail worker left the place and reached his office. The statement was recorded by the Police Officials and case was registered under section 4 of Public Order Act (Amended by Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994). As per the act, the law states that according to section 42; it is an offense to use threatening, abusive or insulting words or behavior to someone else in the following cases; make them believe that violence will used against them, which is the case with Royal mail worker, provoke the immediate use of violence; when that person is likely to believe that violence will be provoked, when it actually is violence will be provoked. (Carl Haacke, 1997:99) The section 4 also further states that it is an offence if any person distributes or displays to another person any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting intending to intimate that person believe that immediate unlawful violence will erupt in the place against him.3 (Paul Clayden, 2006:19) The enquiry was conducted on the basis of the complaint, but in vain. The local residents of the Asian area either did not understand English or were unwilling to cooperate with Police personnel. The area unfortunately didn’t even have the surveillance of CCTV to capture the incident. And one of the main complications in such cases is the implication the shift towards an emphasis on taking responsibility for harms is the reform of disciplinary procedures and increasing interest. It is the utmost duty and responsibility of the Police

Reading Responses to a Poem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Responses to a Poem - Research Paper Example The poem is a tribute to everyone who makes an effort to achieve the seemingly unachievable goal and never loses hope no matter how grave the circumstances are. Discussion Paul Simon utilizes complex and a strong pattern to describe his struggle as a young boy in the poem. The time Paul was a young boy; the NYC was flooded with immigrants from Europe during the Huge Immigration Movement. The mass movement of immigrants precipitated mass unemployment and soon the number of unemployed individuals outweighed the number of employed individuals. The conditions of the commercial sector were pathetic and the employed individuals were forced to work in poor conditions with low wages. Throughout his early years, Paul had to endure hard circumstances to make the two ends meet and to achieve his dreams of endless fame by becoming one of the most famous musician of the world. (Eliot). In simple words, The Boxer depicts and addresses the dark aspects of the incredible life of Paul Simon and milli ons of others who have the courage to endure what it takes to be successful. Many elements of the poem evoke and engaged my interest; particularly â€Å"the pocketful of mumbles† at the beginning of the poem sparks an interest by hinting that the writer is writing about himself. In my opinion, â€Å"the pocket full of mumbles† pays tribute to millions of individuals like Paul, who being the boxers and fighters, have at some point in their life been so beaten up by hardships of life that they have considered to let go of their dreams. Simon cleverly makes use of sophisticated arrangement throughout the poem to maintain interest of the reader till the last stanza. The Poem describes a dual scenario, one of a little boy searching for a job and secondly, it describes the resistance and strength of a boxer. The second element of the poem which attracts my attention is â€Å"when I left home and family I was no more than a boy† discloses the fact that the writer indee d is writing about his own life thus, confirms my speculation at the beginning of the poem. The third element which captured my interest is â€Å"I come looking for a job but I get no offers† informs us about the tremendously importance of trying relentlessly time and time again even if the initial attempts are not rewarded. The poem religiously supports the belief that efforts ultimately do get rewards in the end therefore, one should keep trying because the joy of savoring a hard earned success is known only to him who has the courage to struggle and fight mercilessly like a boxer in the ring. The Young boy is so lonely that he finds peace and tranquility in the whores of New York City. (Bennighof). In the later half, the poem describes the story of a boxer who is struggling against the viciousness of unscrupulous promoters and enduring the meanness of the city streets. The boxer is depicted as a true fighter by his trade whose individuality has been shaped and influenced b y his early years out on the streets as a poor boy. The element which attracts my attention is â€Å"he carries the reminders of every glove that laid him down† which discloses the fact that the boxer is the young boy from the earlier part of the poem who has now grown into a fighter who has achieved his once seemingly unachievable dream but his heart still carries the wounds inflicted by the hardships he faced earlier. Conclusion The poem begins by describing the scenario of the years after the

Monopolies in Todays Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Monopolies in Todays Market - Essay Example Atimes, monopolies exist as a result of government backings in which case the monopolies provide goods, products or services which the government considers essential to the well being of the people. The absence of supply curve in the monopolized market causes inefficient allocation of society's resources. Therefore there is that tendency for a monopolist to charge high prices and probably making higher profits compared with firms in perfect competition. The objective of this paper is to unravel the role of monopolies in today's market and the implications of technology and systems on the monopolies. The rest of this paper examines different types of monopoly, its revenue, monopoly and price discriminations, and implications of technology and systems. (a) Pure Monopoly: This is a type of monopoly that exists in a particular region or city in which its products have no close substitutes. This makes it possible for the monopolist to charge extra prices because their products are necessities. (b) Natural Monopoly: A monopoly that exists because of economies of scale it enjoys in which large scale production brings lower average cost. Even though a competitor arises in the industry lower prices the monopolist would charge is capable of sending the competitor off the market. (c) Efficiency Monopoly: When government does not legalize monopoly, a monopoly may exist largely due to its ability to satisfy the customers in which case competition is inadvertently rule out. (d) Legal Monopoly: This form of monopoly has government backing such that laws are enacted to simply rule out competition. Wikipedia says "when such a monopoly is granted to a private party, it is a government granted monopoly; when it is operated by government itself, it is government monopoly or state monopoly". Monopoly Revenue Basically, a monopolist faces downward sloping demand curve which is also the firm's average revenue curve. As the monopolist sells a single price for its products, average revenue per product is the same as the price. For the monopolist to increase its sales it charges lower unit price for its products. At price P1 the monopolist only manages to sell Q1 quantity of the product; in order to increase its sales it reduces the price from P1 to P2 and as such sales is increased from Q1 to Q2 which he now gains in figure 1 below. Given the above scenario, the differential of the total revenue in relation to quantity gives marginal revenue which shows that the additional revenue large enough to offset the reduction in price. Figure 1: Showing Monopolist's gain brought about by price reduction. However, the monopolist maximizes profit where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The reason is the since marginal cost is always greater than zero the monopolist will operate at profit because marginal revenue will be positive and where demand is elastic. If the monopolist stops production where marginal cost is less than marginal revenue, he will be leaving his profit untapped while quantity in which marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost the firm will be operating at losses. Profit maximizing price is determined by drawing a line where marginal co

Self esteem development in the classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Self esteem development in the classroom - Essay Example Initially acknowledged by James (1890), self-esteem is defined as a ‘belief and self-confidence in your own ability and value.† Thus, self-esteem is increasingly becoming better described and might be understood as an evaluative process by which individuals assess the differences between self-image (how we are) and, the ideal-self (how we want to be). Figure 1 The Structure of Self-Esteem Defining Self-Esteem Coppersmith (1967) considers self-esteem to be "the evaluation that the individual makes and customarily maintains with regard to him/herself. It expresses an attitude of approval or disapproval and indicates the extent to which the individual believes him/herself to be capable, significant and worthy". The definitions described above illustrate that an individual's level of self-esteem is determined mainly by the feedback received from the social environment, including home and school. It is important to note that all the beliefs and images which individuals possess as an essential part of their self-concept are not an innate element of an individual's self concept. Individuals are all born with certain observable physical attributes and untouched capability, but no one was born with completely developed understandings that s/he is gifted or stupid, ugly or good looking, extrovert or introvert. Most of the images and beliefs which one possesses about oneself as adults are acquired before adulthood. The source of an individual’s self-concept starts from how others treat them and what they tell them about the individuals. Newborns develop an overall impression in relation to whether they are cherished or not based on the extent to which they are treated. In early childhood, the development of children's self-concept is effected to a large extent by non-verbal communication. In adolescence, when the language skills are developed, they begin to decipher those general expressions into words and expressions (O’Toole, 1995). Childrenâ⠂¬â„¢s self-concept is further formed when they enter school. At this level children become alert of the fact whether they are approved by others and are included in activities or because they are disliked and are often left alone. Children also become conscious of their talents and limitations from the feedback they get from teachers and fellow students (O’Toole, 1995). Two psychological processes deal with the evaluation of social feedback that includes self-evaluation and self-worth. For each person, the real-self and the ideal-self are different because the ideal-self includes what a person would like to turn into. This difference is vital, however, because without some level of goal, children and adults become inadequately adjusted. It is normal, and in far praiseworthy, for a person to be constantly working hard. Yet, the smaller the difference between the real-self and the ideal-self, the greater confidence the individual will have, and the greater will be his/her abil ity to attain a high level of self-esteem. On the other hand, when there is a huge difference between the real-self and ideal-self, the individual is more prone to have a low self-esteem (O’Toole, 1995). Global Self-Esteem Global Self-Esteem Academic Non-Academic English Math Science Other Social Physical Parents Others Appearance Skill Figure 2 The Self-Esteem Hierarchy Global self-esteem is a person’s total feeling of self-esteem which becomes steady as the child grows (Marsh et al., 1984). Tasks that do not

DQ-4-Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DQ-4-Sheila - Essay Example All these implying that organizations are to start getting ready to adopt the advanced internet applications that are expected to rise soon. Due to these many benefits, organizations incorporating this change will have to clearly choose its operational strategies on whether or not to align its internet use at both departmental levels and organizational levels aiming at yielding high production levels. Internet use at any organization ought to be decentralized. To elaborate this, we need to put into consideration on how organizations were like before the advent of internet technology. During the genesis of internet use at various organizations, almost every other employer at different departments was hardly in a position to have any of the internet related computing devices at their disposal (Bullmore & Sporns, 2012). The type of data usage was determined by the mainframes run by the organization where the center staffs were having control over the input and output at each and every step of the whole process. Upon request, the trained personnel that were able to program these mainframe machines were able to generate data along with information needed by the organization, for example in the processing of payrolls. It is essential to note that most of the staff at different departments was ignorant when it came to this new way of processing data as it was only a task left for the In formational Technology (IT) departments in the organizations. As a result, the ignorant individuals became frustrated on the usage of this new technology. Recently, internet use at organizations has been shown a decentralized trend contrary to the later where it was centralized. As internet hardware and software became more cost efficient and reliable, organizations realized the need to make this process of internet use to be of independent in nature (Petter&DeLone, 2013). The inquiry, therefore, is to whether internet use may be

Intravenous Paracetamol to manage pain Research Proposal

Intravenous Paracetamol to manage pain - Research Proposal Example Patients are bound to experience pain after the effect of anaesthesia given before surgery is finally gone. White et al (2010) had reported a result of surveys in Europe and the USA, stating the need to improve the quality of managing pain after surgeries. The practice then was to use opioids which have multiple adverse effects (AEs): constipation, urinary retention, vomiting/nausea, allergic reactions, confusion, sedation, respiratory depression, and hypotension. These AEs increased the cost of hospitalization and delayed the recovery of patients. A better way of managing pain was then under clinical trials for 15 years. It involved the use of analgesics that require less opioids. There was no FDA approved Intravenous Acetaminophen at that time. Cadence Pharmaceuticals Inc. patented the first I.V. Paracetamol in July 8, 2011 (US SEC 2011) and produced Ofirmev which, until the present, does not have a competitor worldwide due to the recognized protection for intellectual property. Th is gathered evidence about the efficacy and safety of using Ofirmev (the only available US FDA approved Intravenous Acetaminophen in the market), how it benefits patients, and actually improved the quality of pain management. There were evidences based on actual clinical trials with patients that proved the efficacy and safety of Intravenous Paracetamol to neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and even the elderly with age 65 years old and above, for mild, moderate, and severe cases of pain, especially postoperative pain. Introduction Focus is given to the extent of actual benefits observed in many clinical trials, limitations, and clarifications pertaining to the use of I.V. Paracetamol use for postoperative pain management. As a background, over a year after the introduction of the US FDA approved injectable pain reliever under the brand name Ofirmev, doctors have pursued further clinical trials in Europe and the USA covering thousands of patients. One of the reference s of this paper took the effort to search for registered clinical trials in order to learn more about efficacy, safety, proportion of patients who responded favourably or not, to mostly postoperative cases. It would be interesting to know under what conditions I.V. Acetaminophen should be administered to patients. What procedures were followed? Why? There are very young to very old patients who encounter the need for surgery. How should it be given? In actual experiences, was it safe to administer the use of this analgesic to any of such patients? What are the chances of having a satisfied postoperative patient after using Ofirmev? For one thing, doctors excluded patients with symptoms pointing to contraindications against the use of Intravenous Acetaminophen. These are situations wherein patients have severe liver disease, hepatic impairment and active hepatic disease, allergic to acetaminophen, chronic malnutrition, severe renal impairment, and to patients with history of being al coholic. The US FDA (2012a) announced that the limitation per dosage of acetaminophen should be 325 mg. while the total maximum dosage per day must not exceed 4 grams. For infants, the recommended dose of the US FDA for acetaminophen in vial is only 50 mL per child weighing less than 33 kg. (US FDA 2012b, p.12) There were cases of acetaminophen over dosages in infants and adults in the past. For adults, from 1998 to 2003, a total of 131 people experienced â€Å"acute liver failure in the United States† due to acetaminophen overdose (US FDA 2012a). Nonetheless, the medical practice has changed from using mostly opioids like morphine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to the preferred use of Intravenous Acetaminophen in combination with less opioids only when needed, for reasons that will be disclosed in this paper. Problem and Purpose Quality management of postoperative pain requires provisions for the comfortable recovery of patients right after surgery. Unfor tunately, the use of opioids to

Language in society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Language in society - Assignment Example Gender stereotypes are basic generalizations about the gender attributes, variations and the roles of individuals or groups. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative, perpetuated when people automatically apply assumptions based on gender to others in disregard of evidence to the contrary.Looking at the linguistic behavior of both women and men across languages; we will identify many specific differences. Gender stereotypes can be identified in the use of language in diverse contexts. Historically, Language forms may maintain old attitudes which portray men as morally, intellectually, spiritually or absolutely superior to women. Men and women are socially diverse in that society places special social roles for them, expecting different patterns of behavior (Trudgill, 1992). This may cause offence in today’s society, so we view these forms as appropriate for change. For example, terms such as men, man or mankind depict male as the norm-the term for the species or pe ople in general is identical to that referring to one sex only. It had been so different three years ago, the night she'd met Stefan de Vaux. There'd been a party. Bella always threw a party when she'd sold a picture because poverty, she'd explained, was a great inspiration. She'd been wearing a brilliant blue caftan, her fair hair twisted on the top of her head, the severity of it accenting her high cheekbones, the little jade Buddha gleaming on its silver chain round her neck. Claire, pale from England and the illness that had allowed her to come to Tangier to recuperate, had been passed from guest to guest - "Ah, you're Bella's cousin" - like a plate of canapes, she thought ruefully, attractive but unexciting. Until Stefan de Vaux had taken her out onto the balcony and kissed her. "Well?" he'd said softly, in his lightly accented voice, letting her go at last, and she had just stood there, staring at him, at his lean, outrageously handsome face, his laughing mouth, amber brown ey es. "Angry? Pleased? Shocked?" And she'd blushed furiously, feeling all three. This article can be analyzed to reveal whether men and women speak differently, and to explore the nature of masculinity and femininity and their association to ideologies conveyed in language. Women supposedly speak in emphatic language that includes the use of italics. For example, the speaker in the article uses the words ‘so different’ or ‘ruefully’ to create emphasis in her speech. Use of redundant qualifiers, also linked to women’s language is evident in the phrases ‘attractive but unexciting’, ‘lightly accented voice’, ‘outrageously handsome face’ and ‘amber brown eyes’. The speaker employs the use of direct quotation when she talks of â€Å"Ah, you're Bella's cousin", "Angry? Pleased? Shocked?" and "Well?" in her description of the conversations between characters. Use of special lexis of color can be identified in the phrases ‘a brilliant blue caftan’ and ‘silver chain’. Women use questions more often in speech as a rhetorical means of engaging the other partner’s conversational contribution or of getting attention from others conversationally. This can be spotted in the article where the speaker asks the

Limitations of the balanced scorecard Essay Example for Free

Limitations of the balanced scorecard Essay As any other management innovation the balanced scorecard faces certain challenges as it attempt to break away from traditional approaches of management. For one it is difficult to implement a balanced scorecard system in large organizations such as Intel as it requires solvating for support from fellow mangers. Additionally, commitment and cooperation from project managers is fundamental to the success of comprehensive balanced scorecard. This process is both times consuming and tedious. More to that, resistance from managers due to and fear of the unknown is also a challenge to implementing a balance scorecard, thus, top-level managers may be reluctant to give adequate funding to implement a balanced scorecard management system. However despite the challenges associate with implementing balanced scorecards the benefits derived are worth the effort of trying. A balanced scorecard can transform strategic objectives to flow logical resources of performances. This will ensure that the organization efforts are aligned with mission statements and the employees’ investors and customers’ needs are catered for. The first requirement in designing a balanced scorecard is detailing the objectives of the company depending on what is desired at the given moment. .( Bain Company, 2002, Stewart, 2000) These objectives should be in view of the how the customers see Intel, what Intel focuses to excel at, how the company may continue to be innovative in creating value, and how the company intends to change the shareholder perspective of the company (Dickinson, 2003). The second step in designing the balanced scorecard is to describe the strategy that Intel wants to implement say better manage the intangible assets of the company or ensure that quality products are supplied to customers in time and in right quantities. The other step is to align the internal processes of the organization with strategy. In this case, we will be looking at what the company can excel in or what it is good at and capitalize in it while pulling efforts to low performing processes. The next step will be to assign duties to every individual job. Positive impacts of BSC According to the survey conducted by Bain Consulting Company, companies that implement a balanced scorecard in their management system reported higher assets turnover, reduction in indebtedness, elevated margins as well as high inventory turnover (Oorschot, 2002, Norton, 2001). Since balanced scorecards clarify organizations strategies to individuals in the organization, employees at Intel will be more inclined and committed to achieving the goals hence translating to higher profit margins for Intel. Moreover, Intel will be in a position to track financial loopholes within the organization and develop measures to seal the loopholes. This in turn will lead to reduced debts and better allocations of funds. Scorecards provide immediate feedback to managers who measure the performance outcome against visions and missions set. By adopting a balanced scorecard, Intel will be in a position to improve its strategies periodically following occasional review that balance scorecards provider. Implementing a balanced scorecard at Intel will ensure that attention is equally accorded to other issues, save financial ones, such as human issues, and provide metrics that force the company to act for the greater good of the company. In the end, success for the company is guaranteed. The balance scorecard institute puts the major consideration of designing and implementing a balance scorecard into perspective by saying, â€Å"A major consideration in performance improvement involves the creation and use of performance measures or indicators. Performance measures or indicators are measurable characteristics of products, services, processes, and operations the company uses to track and improve performance. The measures or indicators should be selected to best represent the factors that lead to improved customer, operational, and financial performance. A comprehensive set of measures or indicators tied to customer and/or company performance requirements represents a clear basis for aligning all activities with the companys goals. Through the analysis of data from the tracking processes, the measures or indicators themselves may be evaluated and changed to better support such goals. † (Arveson, 1998) Balanced scorecards are performance management tools and Intel Company could benefit from measuring the performance of the company now and in future. Unlike before, where it was not possible to gauge the health of the business, and thereby not know the future standing of the business, implementing a balanced scorecard will ensure that indicators point out whether the company is headed for and develop mitigation efforts to prevent this. Another benefit of a balanced score cared is that its use is compatible with other existing management systems. EVA, SVA, EFQM, IAM and Business excellence model, can be linked to balanced scorecards. If the management feels uneasy to drop all the other financial measures. Normally balanced scorecard is at the center of the management systems since it s easy to use mechanism.

The Impact Of Ict On Accommodation Sector Tourism Essay

The Impact Of Ict On Accommodation Sector Tourism Essay Domestic and international tourism in New Zealand has grown significantly in the past decade and shows every sign of continuing to do so. A vital component of the tourism industry is the Accommodation sector. Over 3000 accommodation enterprises employ more than 20,000 New Zealanders on a full time equivalent (FTE) basis and bring important economic benefit to both rural and urban settings. The accommodation sector is characterised by considerable uptake of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in areas such as bookings, Property Management System (PMS) and back-office functions. This research aims to create a better understanding of how ICT adoption is influencing the demand for, and use of, accommodation in this important sector and how enterprise owners and managers feel about the ICT issues that stem from the tourist influences. The research is based on: (i) a review of global and local research in tourism, ICT and accommodation use; our findings reveal that ICT adoption is having important impacts on accommodation use and demand in both small and large enterprises, the researcher conclude with the presentation of a major findings and some thoughts on approaches that may enhance the ability of the accommodation sector to cope with the complex interactions between ICT adoption and tourism activities. 1.2 INTRODUCTION The increasing use of the Internet and other communication technology is changing the way the industry does business, allowing small operators to access those interested in their product irrespective of location, and allowing firms of all types to reap productivity gains, (Bahalis 1998, 2003). Tourists are also able to benefit from additional transparency in pricing and the ability to customize the experiences they seek (Inkpen 1998; Milne et al 2004). Medlik and Ingram (2000) stated in many years, hotel are important attractions for visitors who bring with them spending power and who tend to spend at a higher rate than they do when they are at home. Through visitors spending, hotel thus often contributes significantly to local economies both directly and indirectly through the subsequent diffusion of the visitors expenditure to other recipients in the community. However, the pattern and structure of the accommodation sector, growth in tourism, increase in capacities, globalisation and technology innovations has been the contemporary force for the hotel chains to extend their presence worldwide, achieving huge marketing success and market identity. Their success is not based only on promoting only one standardised product buy by introducing multiple brands which differentiate their services offered in the eye of the tourists. According to the international Hotel and Restaurant Association (IHRA), there are over 300 hotels chains which comprised one third of the worlds accommodation capacities. New Zealand is very much part of this dynamic and competitive tourism environment. The New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 (TIANZ 2001) identifies tourism as one of the nations key earners of foreign exchange and argues that the industry is likely to play a growing role in the future of New Zealands economy. During 2002 over 2 million international visitors spent an estimated NZ$6.140 billion. Taking into account the direct and indirect effects of this expenditure and the not inconsiderable (but harder to estimate) impacts of domestic tourism we see that the industry contributed approximately 9% of New Zealands GDP for the year to March 2002 and 14.3% of total exports (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are a key element in attempts to enhance the yield of the industry. It has also been suggested that ICT change the very rules of tourism with industry leaders being forced to adopted new managerial and strategic best practice (Buhalis 2000, Law 2001). The New Zealand Tourism Strategy has as one of its key strategic objectives the need to build the ICT capability of New Zealand tourism enterprises, especially among the 85-90% of businesses that are classified as small tourism enterprises (STE) (Nodder et al 2003a). The Strategy identifies tourism as a knowledge and information-based sector and highlights the ability of ICT to collect, analyse and distribute information widely across the sector supporting a better understanding of visitors needs, preferences and behaviours. It is also argued that ICT can foster a higher degree of interaction between stakeholders through an internet presence, email, electronic discussion groups and teleco nferencing. Such networking and linkage formation offers the opportunity to realise enormous benefits (Nodder 2003; Nodder et al 2003). This research addresses these issues in the context of the New Zealand accommodation sector. Accommodation represents the cornerstone of both the international and domestic tourism markets and accounts for a major component of total tourist spend. The sector is relatively labour intensive and is a significant employer in both urban centres and more peripheral rural regions (Morrison and Thomas 1999; Statistics New Zealand 2003). It is a diverse industry including everything from large hotel with multinational organisational structures, through to small owner operated motels and bed and breakfast establishments. 1.3 Aims and Objectives The core objectives of this research are to: To develop a clearer picture of the current competitive context facing the accommodation sector in New Zealand, in order to provide a backdrop to the ICT and labour use dimensions that from the focus of the research. To gain an understanding of how ICT is being adopted and used in the New Zealand accommodation sector and to review wherever possible the differences that exists between small and large operations and between those operating in rural and urban settings. To provide a clear sense of how ICT adoption is influencing the demand for tourist and the workplace organisation and use of workers. In particular we focus on themes of hiring, internal communication, productivity, turnover and retention and processes of customer out-sourcing. To synthesize and discuss findings and present some tentative ideas that can assist the accommodation sector, and the regions that depend on it, to better anticipate and respond to the sometimes complex links between ICT adoptions and tourism demand for modern technology. 1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW It is important to note the international literature has generally shown that in the past small tourism firms have been less likely to implement ICT than their larger counterparts (Mutch, 1998; Paraskevas, 2002; Milev and Marsh 1998). Studies in the US, for example, show that managers in larger properties (greater than 300 rooms) attach significantly more important to the Internet as a tool to make reservations and analyse the competition than their smaller counterparts. Similarly, they rated its importance as a means to communicate with colleagues, vendors and corporate offices significantly higher (Van Hoof, et al, 1998). This is also fits the patterns seen in the studies conducted in the UK (Sigala et al, 2002, Evans and Peacock 1999; Buick, 2003, Main, 2001) and elsewhere (Milne and Pohlmann 1998). Resent years have seen a growing number of small operations embracing ICT for no other reason than they simply have no choice (Ateljevic 2002). The competitive cost of being invisible in a sector that is increasingly dominated by web-based booking systems is too great to bear for small operators who are already facing low margins and growing competition (Buhalis 1999). Thus ICT uptake is growing rapidly and, in the case of New Zealand, the use of computers, email and the Internet is reaching near saturation levels (Nodder et al, 2003a). Nevertheless it is important to note that there are varying levels and degrees of ICT use and many commentators argue that the sophistication with which hard and software is used still lags behind larger operators, even though the actual equipment may be in place (Milne et al, 2004). The reason for the past, and sometimes present, lag in ICT uptake and use by small businesses are many and varied and are inevitable shaped by both internal and external (environmental) factors, ICT use by smaller accommodation operators tends to be dominated by accounting functions, data processing and inventory management tools. While email and website use is also increasingly common as noted above this is not necessarily enough to meet the evolving demands of increasingly technologically savvy consumers. Buhalis and Laws (2001) discuss the behaviour of these new consumers who are becoming more used to interacting in an electronic environment and are increasingly demanding that tourism enterprises be easily accessible on the Internet. Not only do they require access to information but also the ability to book online and submit payment in a secure environment (Mason and Milne 2002; Gatty and Blalock 1998). Buhalis (2003, 143) comments on a number of factors that determine the introduction of ICT by SMTE. Factors originating in political, social and economic forces can lead to the uptake and development of technology as part of broader strategies. Thus it could be said that the new, sophisticated consumer is pushing SMTE to respond and increase efficiencies (Nodder 2003; Milne et al, 2004). Similarly, SMTE who are forming strategic alliances in order to increase their influence on a global market require the support that can be delivered by up-to-date ICT. As pointed out by Cooper (1998), accommodation is the fundamental element of the tourism product, not only is it the largest and most ubiquitous sub-sector within the tourism economy. The accommodation sector is the essential components for the tourism development, planning and economy within any destination and consists of different sub-sectors from which hotels can be considered as the significant one. It is on this premise that Medlik and Ingram (2000), contributed by saying that the primary function of a hotel is to accommodate those away from home and supply them with their basic needs but through the years the diversification in the provision of accommodation as tourism products, change in consumer demand, needs and expectations, globalisation and modernisation challenge has given rise to an increase level of ICT competition among accommodation service providers. The accommodation sector and the impact of technology have had great influence on the distribution of the accommodation products. The development of technology has seen accommodation providers reviewing their marketing strategy and delivering their product via an innovation distribution channel. The Global Distribution Channel (GDS) and Computer Reservation Channel (CRS) represent the strongest distribution system for hotels and international chains. According to Travel Mole (2001), the Hotel Electronic Distribution Network Association has reported that hotels bookings made through Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre, Sahara and World span grew 11.4 percent in 2000, with 48,787,000 bookings. The evolution of the internet provide the opportunity for the online booking through a central reservation system as well as the implementation of online marketing strategy and interaction with customers such as the e-commerce. However, it shows that despite the impact of the environment, seasonality or technological, the accommodation industry will still continue to innovate and diversify and expand to cater the demand in tourism products. 1.5 Accommodation, and ICT a review ICT are increasingly recognised as a critical part of the strategic management of accommodation organisations irrespective of size (Buhalis, 2003 p51). Studies of the significant intra-firm impacts of new technologies have been paralleled by broader analyses of ICT ability to alter distribution network and global industry structures (Nodder et al, 2003). Internally there has been a focus on the impact of technologies in both front office and back office areas with an emphasis on point of sale (POS) technologies, in-room entertainment, back-office accounting, human resources management and supplier relationships (Anon 2002b; 2003b, Baker and Sussman 1999). Emphasis on the broader impacts of ICT has been placed on airline-based Global Distribution Systems (GDS) and Computer Reservation Systems (CRS), Property Management Systems (PMS) and Destination Management Systems (DMS) (Milne and Ateljevic 2001). The latter have been used by enterprises to enhance performance in the global distribution channels that dominate international tourist flows, and to create seamless integration between internal technology use and the outside world (Go and Pine 1995; Gray et al, 2000). In simple terms, tools that facilitate the transmission of information and a level of interactivity between tourism operator and consumer are indispensable to each stage of the tourism value chain, especially when considering distribution and the ability to enter new markets (Buhalis 2001a, b). There are a number of ways that Information and Communications Technologies can enhance the performance of an accommodation enterprise and assist in gaining competitive advantage (Baker et al, 1999; Baum and Odgers 2001; Buhalis 2001c, Milne and Pohlmann 1998). These include; allowing a quicker response time to market and immediate processing of enquiries; integrating different applications to allow seamless processing with reduced error; sharing of resources; increasing capacity of work flow and worker productivity; customization and/or standardisation of key product offerings; flexibility and the adaptability needed to keep pace with the fast moving market, and the ability to creating communities of online suppliers and clients (Murphy 2003; Mutch 1998; Sigala et al 2001). The relationship with the customer can therefore be enhance at the information gathering and pre-arrival stage, during the arrival, check-in and stay stage, and also in the departure and post-stay stage. The ability to mine data gathered from clients and to measure the performance of individual workers and departments also makes it easier to benchmark, compare and contrast performance across global boundaries while also creating localized improvements (Van Hoof 1996, 2003). The accommodation businesses has this concern of improving market share and increase profitability as a result of providing a unique experience to customers with the accommodation structure located within an ecologically fragile natural environment. So it is very important that accommodation businesses adopt an environmental management scheme by adopting water conservation concept by reducing water usage mainly in areas where there are water shortage, energy conservation, for example the Hong Kong Guide identify a way for saving energy with the use of a computer which controls energy and even rooms in a way that as soon as a room is vacated and doors shut the light will shut automatically. Technological innovation is also depicted as an improvement in a product or service performance in terms of quality, cost, speed or number or characteristic (Cohen Levinthal, 1990). The technological innovation within the tourist accommodations activity has to capture the particular and differential features of sector, characterized by the nature of the service. According to Gallouj and Winstein (1997) there are some aspects that characterize service and have a great influence on the definition of technological innovation. Those can be relevant to the accommodation sector in the following ways: First, there is a close interaction between production and consumption (coterminality) that makes difficult the typical product and process manufacturing distinction. The coterminality implies that the innovation activities will focus on service individualization, adapting the service provided to the customer requirements. Moreover, the coterminality leads to a higher degree of service heterogeneity the exchange object differs from one case to another. Only institutional changes, effectively implemented as a business strategy, must be regarded as technological innovations, and not those spontaneously generated and derived from human interaction. This characteristic fits on the hotel set of services provided to their customers. The second is the intangibility and growing information contents in the provision of services. The information and communication technologies play a critical role in the innovation activities of tourist accommodation businesses: to reach the potential customers with information that helps to get the deeper understanding of the service purchased; to reach the largest share of the demand; to obtain and process the information for a better business performance. The role of human resources as a key competitive factor. The importance of the human factor in service activities is associated with the capability to establish the quality and features of the service finally provided. Training and education activities are explicitly considered as one way to improve and upgrade the technological capabilities of service companies. Changes in the organization architecture can be linked to the introduction of new technologies, and should be included as technological innovation activities. These organizational issues are relevant in the accommodation industry to fulfil the services requirements. As Weiermair (2001) notes, Information and Communication Technologies play an integral role in enabling tourism operators of all types to act local and think global. Information and Communication Technologies have been claimed by many commentators to be the backbone of the tourism industry (Wong 2001; McCann 2001; Applebee et al, 2000; Connolly and Olsen 2001) and accommodation is no exception to this rule. ICT is seen as a vital, and often somewhat overlooked, element that shapes and underpins management of operations, human resources, sale and marketing and accounting and finance (figure.1) Indeed ICT is seen more and more as an enabler of competitive improvements for both small and larger enterprises alike (Anckar Walden 2001; Gretzel and Fesenmaier, 2000). The tourism industry includes a wide range of activities such as restaurants, entertainment, transportation and accommodation. A rigorous and reliable analysis of the technological change focuses on one of these activities that include a homogeneous set of companies with similar production functions inputs, outputs and available technology and market environment. The homogeneity of the available data and the relative importance within the industry, make advisable to choose the hospitality business as the field of the study. The lodging sector is an outstanding tourist activity since is a sine qua non in the provision of all the other tourism services, being the basic requirement of the tourist at the destination point. Figure 1: The integral role of ICT in the accommodation sector (Connolly and Olsen, 2001, 87) Connolly and Olsen, 2001, 87) Within New Zealand, like elsewhere around the world, the government and major telecommunications enterprises have a vital role to play in providing the connectivity and bandwidth to support ICT uptake and effective use in business (e.g. Ministry of Economic Development Project Probe initiative) and in which industry and business leaders to build capabilities (a key objectives of the eCommerce Action Team ECAT). As Nodder (2003) notes, however, these initiatives have often highlighted the needs of large businesses, sometimes overlooking the SME that are vital to sectors such as accommodation. 1.6 The New Zealand accommodation industry an overview The New Zealand accommodation industry is made up of a range of segments and is not an easy sector to define. The researcher begin this section with a short discussion of definitional issues revolving around accommodation type and size, then address issues related to the sectors overall size, economic value and geographical structure. Defining accommodation and size The key elements are defined below and are based on the descriptions provided by one of the nations leading providers of accommodation based information the Automobile Association (see www.aatravel.co.nz):  Ã‚ ¬ Hotels: includes both hotels and resorts Hotels of world class standard are found in major cities, leading provincial and resort areas. They have bar and restaurant facilities. Rooms have phone and TV, toilet, bath/shower facilities and usually have tea/coffee making facilities. Country hotels and pubs offer clean, pleasant rooms. Hotels and pub can refer to taverns without accommodation. Some sporting lodges and upmarket resorts offer exclusive hideaway location with top-class facilities.  Ã‚ ¬ Motels: includes motor inn, apartments and motels These are a popular form of accommodation for domestic travellers and family groups as most units offer self catering facilities. They also have phone. TV tea/coffee, bathrooms and toilet facilities; they have made up beds, bedding and parking. Breakfast can usually be ordered at an extra cost.  Ã‚ ¬ Hosted: includes private hotels, guesthouses, bed and breakfast, and holiday farm (farm stay) accommodation Guesthouses may sometimes be in restored older buildings, not all include breakfast. Private hotel means no liquor license. Home-stay and farm-stay normally means accommodation is available in the family house, though a separate annex or cottage may be included. Bathroom may be separate or shared. Guests may share home cooked meals with their hosts or fellow travellers, breakfast is usually included in the tariff, and other meals are sometimes available by prior arrangement.  Ã‚ ¬ Backpackers/Hostels Generally independently owned, with an emphasis on enabling travellers to mix and mingle. Most offer a mix of shared rooms (dormitories) and double/twin/single rooms. Prices can start as low as $15. The focus market for this group is often younger independent travellers.  Ã‚ ¬ Caravan parks/Camping grounds. Tent sites, caravan sites, campervan sites etc with central toilet facilities and recreational facilities (games, TV rooms), some also offer onsite cabins which offer beds and a roof but little more, some are more upmarket with ensuite facilities, TV etc. Industry Characteristics The New Zealand accommodation sector continues to grow although periods of International uncertainty and domestic overseas economic fluctuations have impacts on the industry from time to time. Although there are some sectoral fluctuations overall trends in occupancy rates have been rising during the past five years (Figure 2). The relatively robust nature of the industry is underlined by the fact that during this period the global tourism industry has faced some of its most challenging times with the spectre of terrorism and health related pandemics creating a major downswing in international arrivals for several developed and developing nations. Figure2: Five years trends in accommodation sector occupancy rates (Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2004) Performance in the past year has been steady with most segments of the industry showing little growth. The overall occupancy rate for February 2004, excluding Caravan parks/camping grounds, was 69 percent, the same rate as that recorded a year earlier (Table 3.1). Hotels and motels both recorded rates of 72 percent in February 2004, while backpackers/hostels recorded a rate of 63 percent. Four of the five accommodation types recorded increases in guest nights in February 2004 compared with February 2003. Total guest nights in short-term commercial accommodation were 3.2 million in February 2004, a 3% increase compared with February 2003 and 10% increase compared with February 2002. Motels (up 53,000 or 5 percent) recorded the largest absolute increase in guest nights, followed by backpackers/hostels (up 41,000 or 11 percent). Motels had the largest share of total guest nights in February 2004 with 33 percent, followed by hotels with 30 percent and caravan parks/camping grounds with 2 2 percent. 1.7 CONCLUSIONS This research has highlighted a number of key issues in the relationship between ICT adoption and accommodation use/demand in the New Zealand hotel sector. The main findings can be summarised as follows: In common with other parts of the world, the New Zealand accommodation sector is becoming increasingly reliant on ICT. Large hotels have already invested heavily and are now enhancing and fine-tuning their use of more mature technologies. For small operations the take-off in ICT use has occurred more recently. Future investment in ICT is unlikely to slow. The Internet and the use of on-line information by consumers and suppliers are playing a major role in influencing overall accommodation industry performance and organisation. The impact of on-line booking is being felt across all segments of the industry. As the Internet evolves into a single, powerful information highway supported by diverse technology applications, there will be many opportunities for more flexible and efficient sales processes, data-warehousing, customized service provision and labour monitoring. 1.8 RECOMMENDATION While ICT will continue to improve efficiency and reduce cost in the large accommodation sector its main role in the future is seen as the facilitation, provision, and monitoring of service quality and the blurring of divisions between departments and different properties. There is a clear sense that technologys major impact on job reduction has already occurred. There is a real need for workers to have a deeper understanding of not just the technology itself, but also of how the technology is embedded within overall business operations and performance. The task of the improving service and performance through ICT adoption in accommodation organizations is complex. The implementation of technology may very well assist in improving service quality but research shows quite clearly that technology and information alone do not confer competitive advantage. If managers want to convert ICT investments into real service quality and performance improvements they must understand its links to, and impacts on, workers, managers and suppliers. In simple term the work of managers is becoming more complex and they too increasingly require a deeper understanding of ICT as a business tool and its potential applications in the business setting. In recent years accommodation businesses have been influenced by substantial ICT change, both from within and outside the industry. The experience gained in recovering from adverse impacts, or from adapting to take advantage of new opportunities, has been hard won. Lessons learnt from such valuable experiences need to be shared to ensure the continued development of the industry. At the same time it is clear that the role of ICT in the industry will grow and evolve in the next few decades, bringing with it a range of new labour and training need. There is widespread consensus that formal training in the sector falls short of the evolving industry requirements for skilled workers. Hotel and tourism schools appear to be having problems keeping up with technological changes which require. In concluding the researcher is of the opinion that there is a need to better facilitate access to training programmes for operators, their staff, and cluster organisations. Improved feedback to industry on tourism demand and supply trends is required, and the establishment of formalised communication between tourist and tertiary providers is increasingly necessary. Recent initiatives highlighted in the Tourism Strategy will certainly help to overcome these issues. It will also be important to monitor the efforts made by groups like the CTC in Canada and Service Skills Victoria in Australia, as they establish new bodies that link the accommodation industry and training providers together to lead workforce development for the sector. Such bodies have the potential to assist industries, enterprises, and their workforce to integrate skills development with business goals. Based on the above role of ICT in the hotel industry, the impact of ICT on the accommodation sector can not be measured. Words count 4,286

Japanese Prejudice in Fact and Fiction Essay -- Discrimination Japanes

Japanese Prejudice in Fact and Fiction The novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson is about the way Japanese Americans were treated in the United States during the time of Pearl Harbor and afterwards. Guterson got his inspiration for a novel about a court trial full of prejudice from Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird. His father was a lawyer, so Guterson was able to reenact a realistic trial that could have occurred during the late 1940s in the book (Sherwin 1). Kabuo Miyamoto, the man accused of murder in the book, is presumed guilty because he looks different. When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, most Americans became fearful of the Japanese. The Japanese-Americans didn’t have as many rights as other Americans, and like Kabuo would have been presumed guilty. Japanese were not allowed to own or lease land, they were sent to internment camps, and when they returned from the camps their personal possessions were not returned. The Japanese living on the West Coast became a supposed threat to people. Americans were afraid that Japan would invade the West Coast. The Japanese were better farmers than most Caucasians, because they were very hard workers. In 1907, the first of the Alien Land Laws was enacted. The laws prohibited the sale or lease of land to Japanese people. This law was in effect through 1966. Nine more bills were introduced in 1943 that â€Å"were designed to prohibit the ownership of property by alien Japanese and United States citizens of Japanese ancestry, to prohibit Japanese aliens from being guardians of property owned by the minor United States citizen children, and to provide for the sale at public auction or private sale of escheated property† (Chuman 200). T... ...inst, Kabuo Miyamoto was the first one investigated in the murder of Carl Heine. After some circumstantial evidence was found, the investigation was stopped, because everyone presumed Kabuo was guilty. By the end of the book, a news reporter finds the evidence that the sheriff didn’t look for. The judge dismisses the trial after hearing evidence about weather conditions and hair found on the boat. Kabuo was released from jail after seven months. Work Cited Chuman, Frank. The Bamboo People: The Law and Japanese-Americans. Del Mar, California: Publisher's Inc., 1976. Girdner, Audrie and Loftis, Anne. The Great Betrayal. London: The MacMillan Company, 1969. Hersey, John. Manazar. New York: Times Books, 1988. Sherwin, Elizabeth. Printed Matter -- David Guterson-- Page. 6/4/97. 4/11/01 .

Vietnams Power Struggle :: International Politics Political Science

â€Å"If you grew up in the 60’s, you grew up with war on TV every night, a war that your friends were involved in. And I want to do this song tonight for all the young people out there if you’re in your teens. Cause I remember a lot of my friends when we were 17 or 18, we didn’t have much of a chance to think about how we felt about a lot of things. And the next time, they’re gonna be looking at you and you’re gonna need a lot of information to know what you’re gonna want to do. Because in 1985, blind faith in your leaders or in anything will get you killed.† -Bruce Springsteen Vietnamese nationalism began when the Vietnamese revolted against France in the Yen Bay revolt under the leadership of Nguyen Thai Hoc. The Indochinese Communist Party was formed in 1930. In 1932, the French installed Bao Dai as emperor, attempting to appeal to traditional authority and oppose the nationalist movements. Through Bao Dai, the French gave the Vietnamese a government that was parented by Paris. When France fell to Germany, during World War II, Japan occupied Vietnam from 1941 to 1945. Ho Chi Minh saw the Japanese invasion as a chance to build up a new nationalist force, one that appealed to all facets of Vietnamese culture. â€Å"Ho founded the Vietminh political organization and conceived the strategy that would eventually drive the French from Vietnam. He and the other Communists who constituted the Vietminh leadership skillfully tapped the deep reservoir of Vietnamese nationalism, muting their stressing independence and â€Å"democratic† reforms. Displaying an organization and discipline far superior to competing nationalist groups, many of which spent as much time fighting each other as the French, the Vietminh established itself as the voice of Vietnamese nationalism (Herring5).† In August 1945, the Vietminh conquered Hanoi. Bao Dai renounced his throne, and soon after, the Japanese surrendered at Hanoi. Ho Chi Minh considered Vietnam independent, and on his own accord, named the country the â€Å"Democratic Republic of Vietnam†. Ho Chi Minh's declaration was not acknowledged by France. Soon, the Vietminh were driven into the North by French forces, but the Vietminh did not allow the French to penetrate any further. In 1945, Ho Chi Minh wrote many letters to Harry Truman that appealed for official US recognition of the â€Å"Democratic Republic of Vietnam†.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: essay papers

Animal Farm Question: Write the importance in the book ^ÓAnimal Farm^Ô of Squealer. Sly, greedy, crafty, these are just a few characteristics that describe Squealer. Squealer is also a messenger, an actor, a persuasive speaker, a follower, and a liar. He^s nimble, he^s clever, he^s manipulative and most of all he^s sneaky. Squealer uses his intelligence to persuade the other animals into doing what Napoleon wants, when they don^t really want to do it. He uses his craftiness and cunning to deceive the animals into thinking that he is on their side and that he^s doing all he can to help them. His acting ability can mislead the animals into thinking that he^s one of their closest friends and that he can be trusted with all their secrets. Squealers slick style makes him an important character in the book ^Animal Farm^. Squealer is first introduced in chapter 2, and he commits his first deed in chapter 3. This deed is an example of Squealers persuasive speaking. Snowball and all the other pigs decided that Squealer should tell all the other animals that all the windfall apples would be collected and given to the pigs. The pigs also wanted extra milk to be mixed in with their mash. Squealer explains to the other animals that the pigs are taking the apples and milk merly for their health. He uses this excuse to persuade the animals into thinking that they should give them the extra food and drink. He says to them ^Comrades! You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in selfishness and privilege?^ He then goes on to say ^Milk and apples (this has been proved by science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the wellbeing of a pig. We pigs are brain workers, the organisation of the farm totally depends on us^. Squealer says that the pigs are taking the apple! s and milk in the good of the other animals because, he says that Jones will come back if they don^t. This immediately makes the animals want to give the extras to the pigs. Squealer uses this fear of Jones coming back as one of his main arguments. Another example of Squealers persuasive talent is in chapter 5. This is where Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm using his dogs. Napoleon asks Squealer to go round the farm and explain to the others the new arrangements. Squealers main objectives in this speech is to give good reasons why Napoleon drove Snowball out, to put Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: essay papers Animal Farm Question: Write the importance in the book ^ÓAnimal Farm^Ô of Squealer. Sly, greedy, crafty, these are just a few characteristics that describe Squealer. Squealer is also a messenger, an actor, a persuasive speaker, a follower, and a liar. He^s nimble, he^s clever, he^s manipulative and most of all he^s sneaky. Squealer uses his intelligence to persuade the other animals into doing what Napoleon wants, when they don^t really want to do it. He uses his craftiness and cunning to deceive the animals into thinking that he is on their side and that he^s doing all he can to help them. His acting ability can mislead the animals into thinking that he^s one of their closest friends and that he can be trusted with all their secrets. Squealers slick style makes him an important character in the book ^Animal Farm^. Squealer is first introduced in chapter 2, and he commits his first deed in chapter 3. This deed is an example of Squealers persuasive speaking. Snowball and all the other pigs decided that Squealer should tell all the other animals that all the windfall apples would be collected and given to the pigs. The pigs also wanted extra milk to be mixed in with their mash. Squealer explains to the other animals that the pigs are taking the apples and milk merly for their health. He uses this excuse to persuade the animals into thinking that they should give them the extra food and drink. He says to them ^Comrades! You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in selfishness and privilege?^ He then goes on to say ^Milk and apples (this has been proved by science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the wellbeing of a pig. We pigs are brain workers, the organisation of the farm totally depends on us^. Squealer says that the pigs are taking the apple! s and milk in the good of the other animals because, he says that Jones will come back if they don^t. This immediately makes the animals want to give the extras to the pigs. Squealer uses this fear of Jones coming back as one of his main arguments. Another example of Squealers persuasive talent is in chapter 5. This is where Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm using his dogs. Napoleon asks Squealer to go round the farm and explain to the others the new arrangements. Squealers main objectives in this speech is to give good reasons why Napoleon drove Snowball out, to put